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1

Nowe granice obrony koniecznej? Uwagi na tle nowelizacji Kodeksu karnego z 8 grudnia 2017 roku

100%

Kluza J.

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

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2018

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vol. 80

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issue 3

87-96

EN

The article presents problems arising from the amendment to the Penal Code regarding the extension of the borders of defence of necessity. The amendment is aimed at limiting the criminal liability of the victim defending himself or herself against the assailant when the attack takes place in his or her place of residence. The article presents the reasons for the application of the introduction of this new provision, discusses it and points out the doubts that may arise in its context.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia problematykę związaną z nowelizacją Kodeksu karnego dotyczącą rozszerzenia granic obrony koniecznej. Dokonana nowela ma na celu ograniczenie odpowiedzialności karnej broniącego się pokrzywdzonego przed napastnikiem, gdy do zamachu dochodzi w jego miejscu zamieszania. W artykule zaprezentowano przesłanki stosowania nowego przepisu, omówiono go oraz wskazano wątpliwości mogące pojawić się na jego tle.

2

Assessment of the impact of acute stress in cases of necessary defense by Czech courts

85%

Novak J.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2019

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vol. 19

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issue 1S

89-91

EN

Background. The activity of a defender in a self-defense situation is strongly influenced by stress, which is almost always present in such situations. This is not a common type of stress, but an acute combat stress that has different manifestations. This stress significantly influences the perception and behavior of the defender, in particular limiting his perception of the whole situation, extending reaction times and worsening motor skills. This thesis also presents the “EDA” method of measuring electrodermal activity to interpret the degree and impact of stress on the performance of the affected person. This is used in teaching and innovating Specialty Education of Security Sections “SEBS”, and Applied Sports Education of Security Sections “ASEBS”. Problem and aim. The purpose of the thesis is to describe how the Czech courts evaluate and take into account the influence of acute stress in cases of necessary defense before the courts, to evaluate these conclusions and to compare them with the theory and practice of criminal law and self-defense. Methods. The analysis of court decisions was made on the legal status of the Czech Republic in January 2018, using the ASPi from Wolters Kluwers, as legal system. Necessary defense is a criminal law provision that allows anyone to actively defend themselves against assault without it being an act of unlawful conduct. The selected decisions were encoded by the free coding method (the principle of anchored theory) in the Atlantis program, focusing on stress codes and limits of necessary defense In interpreting the results, the inductive and discursive writing method was used, as well as a comparative analysis of individual decisions. To measure EDA the E4 wristband from Empatica, s. r. l. was used. Results. In 17 out of 19 cases, 89% of all cases considered, the courts dealt with the defendant’s claim that there was an episode of acute stress. In two cases (11%), the claim of the attacked person was ignored. In 10 out of 19 cases (53%), the courts assessed the mental state of the person being attacked using a forensic expert with the appropriate specialization. In one case, the court concluded that it was necessary to judge the case taking into account the attacked person’s subjective perception of either the attack or of the whole conflict situation. In two cases, the courts acknowledged that the attacked person had had reduced recognition skills under the influence of acute stress. In one of these cases, the court stated that the attacked person was obviously suffering diminished capacity, or was wholly incapacitated. Conclusions. The results show that there is wide variation in the assessment of the impact of acute stress, by Czech courts. They usually deal with the potential presence of stress in the person being attacked, but they usually try to evaluate them with their own logical considerations instead of having them evaluated by the appropriate specialists – forensic experts. I believe that this is due to the lack of knowledge of this issue by the courts and ignorance of its importance in cases of necessary defense. It can be stated that the psychological state of the infected person under the influence of acute stress may be closer in some cases to diminished capacity or incapacity. The amount of skin resistance as one of the indicators of electrodermal activity is influenced by the acute stress of the tested person. Using this method and other complementary methods, it would be possible to measure the sensitivity of a person to stress stimuli to which other factors related to situations of necessary defense would be reflected.

3

Przekroczenie granic obrony koniecznej – w sprawie propozycji nowelizacji art. 25 Kodeksu karnego

85%

Bachmat P.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2018

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issue 1(57)

144-154

EN

The author of the petition postulates the introduction of Article 25 para. 3a of the Criminal Code, in which the privilege of impunity for a person crossing the borders of necessary defense in a situation of defense against an unlawful, direct assault directed at legal rights set out in that regulation, would be guaranteed. It is concluded in the opinion that a more appropriate solution would be to link the non-subject to punishment of persons crossing the boundaries of the necessary defense with a more universal and capacious formula of “justifying the crossing of the limits of necessary defense by the circumstances accompanying the attack.” Thus the petition does not seem to be justified. The mere fact that a person crossing the boundaries of defense necessary would not be subject of the penalty only due to the fact that he/she acts in defense of certain legal rights, made in isolation from other important elements of the incident, reduces the assessment of his/her behavior and may lead to mandatory release from penalties in socially unacceptable cases.

4

Pozbawienie życia napastnika w obronie koniecznej a katalog dóbr prawnych podlegających ochronie

57%

Grudecki M., Kleszcz M.

Roczniki Administracji i Prawa

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2020

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vol. 3

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issue XX

135-152

PL

Artykuł jest poświęcony problematyce pozbawienia życia napastnika w obronie koniecznej. Rozważania prowadzone są w oparciu o wykładnię art. 25 § 2 Kodeksu karnego, z którego wynika, że sposób obrony musi być współmierny do niebezpieczeństwa zamachu. Autorzy poszukują katalogu dóbr, których można bronić godząc w życie napastnika. Analizują ponadto art. 2 ust. 2 lit. a Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka, zgodnie z którym pozbawienie życia nie będzie uznane za sprzeczne z tym artykułem, jeżeli nastąpi w wyniku bezwzględnego koniecznego użycia siły w obronie jakiejkolwiek osoby przed bezprawną przemocą. Autorzy zwracają uwagę na rolę tego przepisu w interpretacji znamion obrony koniecznej, zwłaszcza znamienia współmierności sposobu obrony do niebezpieczeństwa zamachu. W artykule definiują ponadto pojęcie kontratypu oraz scharakteryzowali krótko pozostałe znamiona obrony koniecznej.

EN

The article is devoted to the issue of killing an attacker in self-defense. The considerations are based on the interpretation of Article 25 § 2 of the Penal Code, from which it follows that the method of defense must be commensurate with the danger of attack. The authors are looking for a catalog of legal interests that can be defended by harming the attacker’s life. They also analyze Article 2 (2a) European Convention of Human Rights, according to which deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this Article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary in defence of any person from unlawful violence. The authors draw attention to the role of this provision in the interpretation of the signs of necessary defense, especially the sign of proportionality of the means of defense to the danger of assassination. In the article, they also defined the concept of a countertype (justification) and briefly characterized the remaining features of necessary defense

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1 Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

1 Roczniki Administracji i Prawa

1 Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

1 Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

1 Bachmat P.

1 Grudecki M.

1 Kleszcz M.

1 Kluza J.

1 Novak J.

1 2020

1 2019

2 2018

Nowe granice obrony koniecznej? Uwagi na tle nowelizacji Kodeksu karnego z 8 grudnia 2017 roku

Assessment of the impact of acute stress in cases of necessary defense by Czech courts

Przekroczenie granic obrony koniecznej – w sprawie propozycji nowelizacji art. 25 Kodeksu karnego

Pozbawienie życia napastnika w obronie koniecznej a katalog dóbr prawnych podlegających ochronie