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EN
We show how the absolute differences approach is particularly effective to interpret the Gini coefficient (G) when a distribution includes both positive and negative values. Either in erasing units having negative values, or in transforming negative values into zero, a significant variability fraction can be lost. When including negative values, instead of correcting G, to maintain it lower than 1, the standard G should be kept to compare the variability among different situations; a recent normalization, Gp, can be associated to G, to evaluate the variability percentage inside each situation.
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EN
The article deals with problems of constitutional anti-values. Provisions of the fundamental law refer to such phenomena as totalitarianism, war, crime, hate, intolerance, discrimination, which shall be regarded as constitutional counter-values. Anti-values are opinions (assessments) based on an intellectual and emotional experience of strong disapproval of a particular phenomenon. Their occurrence in social life results in negative consequences, such as injustice, misfortune, harm etc. Counter-values on the other hand are negative assessments of specific facts (social phenomena) included in the fundamental law by the lawmaker. Initially, those elements had been part of the natural law, but presently — similarly to typical (positive) values — they are part of the constitutional axiology. It was not the author’s intention to provide and exhaustive description of all constitutional anti-values, but to present their general definition, systemic role, and the function they serve in a legal order. Furthermore, sources and types of anti-values are presented herein, as well as methods of reconstructing them on the basis of the text of fundamental law.
PL
Artykuł jest wynikiem refleksji zainspirowanej konferencją „Kultura i metoda” (Lublin, KUL, 18-19.04.2013). Autorka dostrzega przemiany w kulturze współczesnej, jak i pewne niepokojące tendencje w kulturoznawstwie. Są to: 1) eksplozja różnorakich jego odmian, a zarazem aspektowość i fragmentaryczność badań przy wielorakim rozumieniu kultury; 2) zacieranie się granic przedmiotowych; 3) wielość metod z przewagą opisowych i faktograficznych; 4) zanik nastawień aksjologicznych. Brak wartościowań prowadzi do upadku krytyki – artystycznej, literackiej czy naukowej. Trzeba podkreślić, że badania nad kulturą są także badaniami nad człowiekiem. Kulturoznawca nie może/nie powinien więc uchylać się od pytań o wartość i sens wytworów ludzkich ani wyrzekać się stanowisk wartościujących i tych kryteriów aksjologicznych, które pozwalają widzieć w kulturze odpowiedzialne dzieło człowieka.
XX
The article is the result of reflection inspired by the conference “Culture and Method” (Lublin, CUL, 18-19 April 2013). It perceives changes in contemporary culture, as well as some disturbing trends in cultural studies. They are: 1) the explosion of its varieties, and at the same time—multiple aspects, and fragmentariness of research with multifarious meanings of culture; 2) the blurring of subject boundaries; 3) the multiplicity of methods with a predominance of descriptive and factual one; 4) the loss of axiological attitudes. The lack of valuations leads to the collapse of criticism—artistic, literary or scientific. It should be emphasized that the studies on culture are also studies on man. A scholar in cultural studies, therefore, can not/should not refrain from questions about the value and meaning of human creations or renounce evaluative positions and axiological criteria that allow to see man’s responsible work in culture.
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