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EN
Japan, once a great economic superpower, is currently one of a number of countries experiencing lowest-low fertility, having a total fertility rate of less than 1.5. This demographic figure exists alongside two decades of low economic growth, undermining confidence in national integrity and longevity. The association of low growth and lowest-low fertility has provoked a contest between two visions for national rejuvenation - one an old and increasingly discredited liberalism, and the second, a new demographic conservatism. Japan's debate is not new or unique. Questioning the methods for national replacement and the relationship between fertility and national integrity remains a crucial aspect of nationalism in a globalized world. In the Japanese context, the contest is between two visions for the nation - on the one hand, a cautious nationalism with attendant liberal proclivities; on the other a more conservative vision for the role of women in the family and civic duties. The election of the Democratic Party of Japan (DJP) in 2009 saw fertility issues prominent in the election campaign. Nonetheless, recapturing the lost economic greatness and the role of fertility in definitions of Japanese nationalism remain unresolved and controversial issues.
EN
The topic of this paper is the thought of Frank S. Meyer, a prominent figure in post-world-war-II american right-wing intellectual movement. One feature commonly ascribed to Meyer is the ambition to fuse (thus the term “fusionism” assossiated with his name) a classical liberal concern for individual freedom and more conservative persuasion of virtue being the ultimate goal of human existence. With the issue of right relation of freedom to virtue are grouped other issues, also meriting consideration: the problem of use of reason and tradition in political enquiry, the nature and proper role of the state, the relation of individual person to society (or other superindividual entities). We look at these issues throughout this paper. We look also at Meyer’s position in intellectual traditions of liberalism (broadly construed) and conservatism, concluding that he belongs to the liberal camp (classical liberal, more on the libertarian side), and not to the conservative one.
PL
Tematem tekstu jest myśl Franka S. Meyera, jednej z czołowych postaci powojennego ruchu intelektualnego amerykańskiej prawicy. Meyerowi często przypisuje się ambicję połączenia (czy też dokonania „fuzji” - stąd nazwa „fuzjonizm” kojarzona z jego nazwiskiem) klasycznej liberalnej troski o wolność indywidualną z bardziej konserwatywnym przekonaniem o doskonałości jako ostatecznym celu ludzkiego istnienia. Z zagadnieniem właściwego stosunku wolności do doskonałości powiązane są inne kwestie, również warte zastanowienia: problem użycia rozumu i tradycji w politycznych dociekaniach, natura i właściwa rola państwa, stosunek pojedynczej osoby do społeczeństwa (czy innych bytów ponadjednostkowych). Na stronach niniejszego tekstu przyglądamy się tym zagadnieniom. Rozważamy również miejsce, jakie Meyer zajmuje w stosunku do intelektualnych tradycji (szeroko rozumianego) liberalizmu oraz konserwatyzmu , konkludując, że należy on do obozu liberalnego (klasycznie liberalnego, przechodzącego w libertarianizm), nie zaś do konserwatywnego.
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