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EN
Introduction: Beta-glucuronidase (GLU) is a lysosomal exoglycosidase involved in the catabolism of glycoconjugates. Excessive GLU activity may be a primary factor in the etiology of colon cancer. The stimulation of glycosidases and other degradative enzyme activity has been noted in cancers as well as in alcohol and nicotine addiction. Purpose: To compare the serum GLU activity between alcohol- and nicotine-dependent colon cancer patients and colon cancer patients without a history of alcohol- and nicotine-dependence. Materials and methods: Material was the serum of 22 colon cancer patients, 11 of whom met alcohol and nicotine dependence criteria. The activity of serum GLU (pKat/ml) was determined by the colorimetric method. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentration (ng/ml) in the serum was determined by the immunoenzymatic method. Comparisons between groups were made using the Mann-Whitney “U” test. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to measure the association between two variables. Results: The activity of serum GLU was significantly higher in colon cancer patients with a history of alcohol and nicotine dependence, than in the colon cancer patients without a history of drinking and smoking (p=0.003). There was no significant difference in the CEA concentration between colon cancer patients with and without a history of drinking and smoking. Conclusion: Alcohol and nicotine addiction may increase the serum GLU activity in all cancer patients, as already seen in colon cancer patients. This may potentially be important for the degradation of pericancerous matrix, tumor growth, invasion and metastasis
EN
E-cigarette use has become increasingly popular, especially among the young. Its long-term influence upon health is unknown. Aim of this review has been to present the current state of knowledge about the impact of e-cigarette use on health, with an emphasis on Central and Eastern Europe. During the preparation of this narrative review, the literature on e-cigarettes available within the network PubMed was retrieved and examined. In the final review, 64 research papers were included. We specifically assessed the construction and operation of the e-cigarette as well as the chemical composition of the e-liquid; the impact that vapor arising from the use of e-cigarette explored in experimental models in vitro; and short-term effects of use of e-cigarettes on users’ health. Among the substances inhaled by the e-smoker, there are several harmful products, such as: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acroleine, propanal, nicotine, acetone, o-methyl-benzaldehyde, carcinogenic nitrosamines. Results from experimental animal studies indicate the negative impact of e-cigarette exposure on test models, such as ascytotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, airway hyper reactivity, airway remodeling, mucin production, apoptosis, and emphysematous changes. The short-term impact of e-cigarettes on human health has been studied mostly in experimental setting. Available evidence shows that the use of e-cigarettes may result in acute lung function responses (e.g., increase in impedance, peripheral airway flow resistance) and induce oxidative stress. Based on the current available evidence, e-cigarette use is associated with harmful biologic responses, although it may be less harmful than traditional cigarettes. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(3):329–344
EN
Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are a form of nicotine delivery intended to provide an alternative to traditional cigarettes. The aim of this systematic review was to present the current state of knowledge on HTPs with an emphasis on the potential impact of HTP use on human health. During the preparation of this systematic review, the literature on HTPs available within Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar was retrieved and examined. In the final review, 97 research papers were included. The authors specifically assessed the construction and operation of HTPs, as well as the chemical composition of HTP tobacco sticks and the generated aerosol, based on evidence from experimental animal and cellular studies, and human-based studies.Heated tobacco products were found to generate lower concentrations of chemical compounds compared to traditional cigarettes, except for water, propylene glycol, glycerol, and acetol. The nicotine levels delivered to the aerosol by HTPs were 70–80% as those of conventional combustion. The results of in vitro and in vivo assessments of HTP aerosols revealed reduced toxicity, but these were mainly based on studies sponsored by the tobacco industry. Independent human-based studies indicated that there was a potentially harmful impact of the active and passive HTP smoking on human health. Currently, a large body of knowledge on HTP exposures and health effects is provided by the tobacco industry (52% of identified studies). Based on the available evidence, HTPs produce lower levels of toxic chemicals, compared to conventional cigarettes, but they are still not risk-free. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(5):595–634
EN
Introduction and aim. Inflammation, cell proliferation, matrix deposition, and tissue remodeling are all elements of the well-structured and well-coordinated process of wound repair. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of genistein and nicotine on polyglycolic acid (PGA) and vicryl sutures. Material and methods. Genistein and nicotine were isolated and solution was prepared and the suture material PGA and vicryl were immersed in the solution and dried. They were tested for their tensile strength and degradation values after immersion in artificial saliva (on the first day and on the 14th day). The sutures were also seen under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for its uniform coating and the mixture formulation of genistein and nicotine were tested for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity using protein denaturation assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay respectively. Results. Nicotine has a high anti-inflammatory activity on the suture material, whereas Genistein has an insignificant anti-inflammatory effect. The mixture formulation has a relatively similar anti-inflammatory effect when compared to the control. The SEM analysis shows a uniform coating of the formulation on the PGA and vicryl sutures. In comparison, PGA has shown lesser tensile strength and hence higher degradation ability. Conclusion. Nicotine and Genistein affect the tensile strength and degradation properties of the sutures.
Prawo
|
2019
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issue 327
193-202
EN
Administrative law plays a key role in regulating matters related to tobacco products. It regulates the competences of various administrative organs, issues of informing consumers about health dangers of using tobacco products as well as where tobacco products can be used. When regulating tobacco products, matters of health are taken into account, but the legislator also has to find compromises between the rights and interests of various groups. We should, for example, notice how much the companies making tobacco products influence legislature. Polish regulations of tobacco products — just like in many other countries — to a large degreereflect technological, scientific and social changes.
EN
High rates of tobacco use is still observed in working-age population in Poland. The present level of the state tobacco control has been achieved through adopting legal regulations and population-based interventions. In Poland a sufficient contribution of health professionals to the diagnosis of the tobacco-addition syndrome (TAS) and the application of the 5A’s (ask, advice, assess, assist, arrange follow-up) brief intervention, has not been confirmed by explicit research results. Systemic solutions of the health care system of the professional control, specialist health care, health professional trainings and reference centres have not as yet been elaborated. The tools for diagnosing tobacco dependence and motivation to quit smoking, developed over 30 years ago and recommended by experts to be used in clinical and research practice, have not met the current addiction criteria. In this paper other tools than those previously recommended − tests developed in the first decade of the 21st century (including Cigarette Dependence Scale and Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale), reflecting modern concepts of nicotine dependence are presented. In the literature on the readiness/motivation to change health behaviors, a new approach dominates. The motivational interviewing (MI) by Miller and Rollnick concentrates on a smoking person and his or her internal motivation. Motivational interviewing is recommended by the World Health Organization as a 5R’s (relevance, risks, rewards, roadblocks, repetition) brief motivational advice, addressed to tobacco users who are unwilling to make a quit attempt. In Poland new research studies on the implementation of new diagnostic tools and updating of binding guidelines should be undertaken, to strengthen primary health care in treating tobacco dependence, and to incorporate MI and 5R’s into trainings in TAS diagnosing and treating addressed to health professionals. Med Pr 2016;67(1):97–108
PL
Populację w wieku produkcyjnym w Polsce charakteryzuje wysoka częstość używania tytoniu. Obecny poziom kontroli tytoniu w Polsce osiągnięto poprzez działania legislacyjne i interwencje populacyjne. W Polsce nie ma jednoznacznych wyników badań potwierdzających dostateczny udział profesjonalistów medycznych w diagnozowaniu zespołu uzależnienia od tytoniu (ZUT) i stosowaniu krótkiej interwencji 5A (ask, advice, assess, assist, arrange follow-up – pytaj, poradź, oceń, pomóż, wyznacz kolejną wizytę). Nie ma też rozwiązań systemowych regulujących nadzór merytoryczny, opiekę specjalistyczną, akredytowany system szkoleń i pracę ośrodków referencyjnych. Eksperci rekomendują do stosowania w praktyce klinicznej i badawczej narzędzia do diagnozowania ZUT oraz gotowości i motywacji do zaprzestania używania tytoniu, utworzone ponad 30 lat temu, które nie spełniają współczesnych kryteriów uzależnienia. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono inne narzędzia niż dotąd rekomendowane – testy stworzone w pierwszej dekadzie XXI w. (w tym Skalę Uzależnienia od Papierosów i Skalę Syndromu Uzależnienia od Nikotyny), które odzwierciedlają współczesne rozumienie uzależnienia. W literaturze przedmiotu w zakresie motywowania do zmiany zachowania zdrowotnego dominuje podejście stosowane w wywiadzie motywującym Millera i Rollnicka, skoncentrowane na osobie palącej i jej motywacji wewnętrznej. Na zasadach wywiadu motywującego opiera się krótka interwencja motywująca – 5R (relevance, risks, rewards, roadblocks, repetition – trafność, ryzyko, nagrody, bariery, powtórzenie), adresowana do osób pozbawionych motywacji do rzucenia palenia, rekomendowana przez Światową Organizację Zdrowia. W Polsce należy podjąć badania nad wdrożeniem nowych narzędzi diagnostycznych, zaktualizować niektóre obecnie obowiązujące wytyczne, dążyć do wzmocnienia roli podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej w leczeniu ZUT oraz włączyć zasady wywiadu motywującego i krótkiej interwencji 5R do programu akredytowanych szkoleń z zakresu rozpoznawania i leczenia ZUT. Med. Pr. 2016;67(1):97–108
EN
Background Electronic cigarettes are currently in common use. However, in Poland there is no specific legislation governing the sale of these products. At the same time, no information has been made public about the hazards e-cigarettes pose to the users and bystanders − passive smokers. The aim of the study was to determine the qualitative composition of the analyzed liquid, which is an essential element of regulating the distribution of such cigarettes. Material and Methods Under this study the method for determining the composition of e-cigarette liquids was developed. This method employs gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Levels of nicotine and flavoring components were determined in 50 e-liquid samples. The results were compared with the information provided by the manufacturer on the packaging. Results The applied method of qualitative determination helped to identify the main ingredients, such as nicotine and propylene glycol (PG). Propylene glycol was found to be present in all liquids, because it was used as the solvent for nicotine and flavors. There was a good agreement between the declared and the determined content of nicotine in the analyzed samples. The agreement was considerably poorer for the remaining e-liquid ingredients, mainly flavors. Conclusions There was no agreement between the flavor substances specified by the manufacturer and aroma identified in the e-cigarette liquid, which may pose a risk to users of e-cigarettes, particularly those susceptible to allergies. Several unsaturated aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes found to be present in the liquids, unstable at elevated temperatures, may be more harmful to the smoker than the original compounds. Therefore, it is essential to implement in Poland the legal provisions regarding e-cigarettes. Med Pr 2016;67(2):239–253
PL
Wstęp E-papierosy są obecnie powszechnie używane, a ich sprzedaż corocznie znacząco rośnie. Jednocześnie w Polsce brakuje szczegółowych przepisów prawnych regulujących sprzedaż tych wyrobów. Brakuje też informacji, jakie zagrożenia e-papierosy stwarzają dla użytkowników i osób postronnych – biernych palaczy. Celem badania było określenie składu jakościowego płynów do e-papierosów, które jest niezbędnym elementem działań regulujących dystrybucję takich papierosów. Materiał i metody W badaniu opracowano metodę oznaczania składu jakościowego płynów do e-papierosów i zastosowano chromatograf gazowy ze spektrometrem mas (gas chromatography with mass spectometry – GC-MS). Wykonano badania 50 próbek płynów różniących się zawartością nikotyny i składników smakowo-zapachowych. Wyniki badań skonfrontowano z informacjami zamieszczonymi przez producenta na opakowaniu produktu. Wyniki Zastosowana metoda oznaczania jakościowego pozwoliła zidentyfikować główne składniki płynów do e-papierosów, którymi są nikotyna i glikol propylenowy. Ten ostatni składnik występował we wszystkich płynach, ponieważ jest rozpuszczalnikiem głównego komponentu, którym jest nikotyna, i składników smakowo-zapachowych. W analizowanych próbkach płynu do e-papierosów stwierdzono zgodność zawartości nikotyny i glikolu propylenowego z informacją podaną przez producenta, natomiast informacje były niezgodne w przypadku substancji smakowo-zapachowych. Wnioski Nieprawdziwe informacje dotyczące substancji smakowo-zapachowymi stosowanych przez producenta w płynie e-papierosów mogą stwarzać zagrożenie dla użytkowników e-papierosów, szczególnie osób ze skłonnością do alergii. Stwierdzona w badanych próbkach płynu obecność związków z grupy nienasyconych alkoholi alifatycznych i aldehydów, niestabilnych w podwyższonej temperaturze, może być niebezpieczna dla palącego – bardziej niż związki wyjściowe (np. akroleina). W związku z tym istotne jest wprowadzenie w Polsce regulacji prawnych dotyczących e-papierosów. Med. Pr. 2016;67(2):239–253
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EN
Children’s addiction in the legal perspective is a multifaceted issue. The article refers to three types of addiction: alcoholism, drug addiction and nicotinism. Its authors analyze ranges of selected terms in public and private law, noting also the influence of international law on discussed legislation.  Undertaken considerations have been suplemented by the context of children’s movement in the Internet space. Essnential guarantees associated with this are included, among others, in The General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (so called „GDPR”). The article also includes analysis of legal conditions for providing assistance to minors affected by addictions. The analytical part of the study is completed by de lege lata postulates.
PL
Problematyka uzależnień dzieci na gruncie prawa jest zagadnieniem wielopłaszczyznowym. Niniejszy artykuł odnosi się do wybranych trzech rodzajów uzależnień: alkoholizmu, narkomanii i nikotynizmu. Autorzy analizują w nim zakresy wybranych pojęć w prawie publicznym i prywatnym, dostrzegając również wynikanie zastanych norm z porządku prawa międzynarodowego. Uzupełnieniem rozważań jest osadzenie omawianej problematyki w kontekście poruszania się dzieci w przestrzeni Internetu. Gwarancje z tym związane przewiduje m.in. Rozporządzenie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2016/679 z dnia 27 kwietnia 2016 r. w sprawie ochrony osób fizycznych w związku z przetwarzaniem danych osobowych. Publikacja uwzględnia ponadto uwarunkowania prawne dotyczące udzielania pomocy małoletnim dotkniętym uzależnieniami. Analityczną część opracowania dopełniają postulaty o charakterze de lege lata.
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