Search results

1

Struktura i rola systemu bankowego Republiki Federalnej Niemiec w gospodarce

100%

Dąbkowska A.

Roczniki Ekonomii i Zarządzania

|

2014

|

vol. 6(42)

|

issue 2

23-42

PL

Niemiecki system bankowy jest permanentnym placem budowy, którego głównym zadaniem jest dostosowywanie się do potrzeb rynku. Niemieckie banki, jako główne źródło pozyskiwania funduszy obcych na realizację zamierzeń inwestycyjnych, są lokomotywą napędzającą gospodarkę. Największą rolę odgrywa sektor banków uniwersalnych, który tworzą zarówno banki komercyjne, banki publiczne oraz banki spółdzielcze. Banki komercyjne, w szczególności cztery duże banki prowadzą działalność zarówno na rynku narodowym, jak i międzynarodowym. Istotną rolę odgrywają również kasy oszczędnościowe i banki spółdzielcze, które w swojej działalności skupiają się na finansowaniu małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw, oraz wspierają ideę oszczędzania. Aktywa systemu bankowego stanowią ponad 300% PKB Niemiec.

EN

The German banking system is a permanent building site, whose main task is to adjust to the needs of the market. German banks, as the main source of raising foreign funds for the realization of investments, are the motor force behind the country’s economy. The sector of universal banks plays the greatest role; it is formed by commercial, public and cooperative banks. Commercial banks, especially the four big banks, are active both at home and abroad. A significant role is also played by savings banks and credit cooperatives that in their activities are focused on financing small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as support the idea of saving. The assets of the banking system constitute more than 300% of the German GNP.

2

Wybrane problemy systemów bankowych w krajach wysoko rozwiniętych

45%

Klimiuk Z.

Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

|

2005

|

vol. 33

|

issue 3

5-50

EN

The article presents some questions on bank systems in such high developed countries like Germany or the United States of America. The following problems are described:1. organization and main functions of a bank system2. management of a bank risk3. evolution of financial innovations as security techniques4. American and German bank systems' profiles The author has choosen the subjects in order to present the following message: some Polish legal regulations on financial sector functioning are still strongly connected with the old, central and bureaucratic system and even despite the new Act on Polish National Bank and another one on Bank Law it is difficult to develop our financial system in a proper way. It seems to be clear that Polish bank law must be changed. But the question is: whetherthe present law can be modified or, maybe, it is necessary to look for a completly new one. The author suggest that it could be based on one of European countries bank law. French, German or English models of bank system could be adjusted to Polish conditions. On the other hand, the Polish bank law of the interwar period could be also modified and brought closer to the present time. The author studies the experiences and directions of evolution that have been existing so far and he tries to find the answer on the question:: which model of a bank system would be the best for Poland. The bank and economic literature describe the following three basic types of bank systems existing in the world:1. English and American model2. German and Japanese one3. French one that draws from the both mentioned above Knowing the advantages and disadvantages of all of them, it seems that adoption of the German model would be the best solution for our country. It is becouse of tradition (in the iterwar period our bank system was modeled on a German one), direct neighbourhood and the fact that Germany will be our greatest economic partner in the near future. However, we can observe, that European bank systems areovercome by American models determining the standards of contemporary banking in the whole world. So, Polish bank sector must be sensitive to any institutional innovations of American banks. It is also clear that: “The chance for introducing the German model of bank system in Poland is hardly possible without the new, well-trained staff. If we do not choose the target financial system knowingly, it will be automatically pushed to the French model” (J. K. Solarz, Searching for a new model of Polish bank system, Warsaw, September 1994).

3

Specyfika i niektóre cechy charakterystyczne niemieckiego systemu bankowego

45%

Klimiuk Z.

Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

|

2006

|

vol. 34

|

issue 3

93-67

EN

In the German Federal Republic the restructuring of the traditional model of universal banking is taking place. The reforms of economic policy in the 1990s established grounds for a long-awaited and needed restructuring. At the moment there is an ongoing wave of privatisation and de-regulation. Tax reforms that have recently been introduced and desintermediation mean that the mutual relations between banks and big enterprises have come to an end. The introduction of Euro in 1999 and its attendant development of shares and bonds have made even the German “mittelstand” (traditional businesses, owned by families) to seek finances in the capital markets. These firms, however, need investment banks as organisers of financial activities. The leading German banks responded to the above trends with the “slimming down” of operations, separating retail and investment banking, and concentrating many banks on the latter. It is an interesting question to examine whether all of the observed changes lead to a uniform global model of how the banks work, or else the difference of banking systems in various countries grows, a fact that may be a response to the global changes in the mechanisms of banks. The paper is based on the qualitative analysis (focused on the qualitative and quantitative indicators) that is designed to verify the above hypothesis. The concept of “bank” denotes in German typically financial institutions entitled to take a broad spectre of activities, including investment banking, insurance services (although performed by means of a branch), broker and dealer activity on the securities market, payment services (which in Germany requires a banking licence). The banking sector in Germany has several distinctive properties. What is most important, as opposed to e.g. the USA, the public sector in Germany, by means of state-owned banks and Land-owned banks, has 40% of shares on the retail banking market. Secondly, the banks in Germany locate (“block”) their capital in industrial holdings. For instance, ten biggest private banks own 0.5% of the capitalisation of firms (with capitalisation over 1 million DM); their shares are available in the public stock market turnover in the Federal German Republic. Business contacts that result from such packages of shares made banks give loans that were safe for them, but this system called relationship banking is subject to changes. Tax reforms which were introduced in January 2002 provided tax exemptions for the seller of such shares, a procedure that was commonly called “the end of Deutschland AG.” The Deutsche Bank e.g. due to the fact that it had to finance enterprises through capital markets announced that it would sell the whole package of Daimler-Chrysler shares. The fact that capital markets take over from banks the financing of enterprises makes the role of investment banking grow in importance, and the German banks tend to gain the leading position in this area.

Refine search results

2 Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

1 Roczniki Ekonomii i Zarządzania

2 Klimiuk Z.

1 Dąbkowska A.

1 2020

1 2014

1 2005

Struktura i rola systemu bankowego Republiki Federalnej Niemiec w gospodarce

Wybrane problemy systemów bankowych w krajach wysoko rozwiniętych

Specyfika i niektóre cechy charakterystyczne niemieckiego systemu bankowego