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EN
In The Eudemian Ethics 1237B6–7 Aristotle seems to suggest that if the ethical friend has an unpleasant odour, he is left by his friend. The article is devoted to demonstrating that the ethical friendship is not the apparent friendship. For this purpose author presents the characteristics of the true friend and distinguishes two types of the ethical friendship, the first between good men, i.e. men with a typical mixture of good and bad traits of character, the second between noble men, i.e. the best men who are heroes of intellect and character – intellect because prudent, character because noble. On this basis author shows three interpretations which neutralize controversial statement. According to the first interpretation – called “superhuman stink” – unpleasant odour is impossible to endure for the men, even good or noble. Therefore ethical friend must leave his friend in such circumstances. According to the second interpretation – called “one-dimensional courage” – ethical friend, who has an unpleasant odour is left by ethical friend, since one, who leaves can not endure stinking friend. The reason is that he has one-dimensional courage and apart from direct hostilities he does not cope with own weakness. According to the third interpretation– called “heroic solitude” – ethical friend, who has an unpleasant odour does not want to grieve his friend. Therefore decides to heroic solitude – heroic, since a human being is a civic being and one whose nature is to live with others– and leaves his friend.
XX
The aim of the article is to present the main educational assumptions proposed by M.F. Quintylian in shaping new generations of right people and citizens. According to Quintilian, a citizen, who is assigned to the administration and management of government should be a good orator. Apart from comprehensive and complete education he/she should be fluent in the language of Greek and Latin, know the literature, graduate oratorical studies, and above all, should be distinguished by its unimpeachable moral profile. He/she should be the model of right and perfectly moral person. Quintilian postulated that children from an early age shall be ready for this role. Educational process of the future orator consisted of intellectual and moral education, which took place in the traditional educational institutions of the ancient Rome, i.e. in the family and at school. He required from parents the education and righteousness, so that the children in the house did not witness brutal and shameless scenes. He imposed similar requirements on teachers, who above all should be noble and also should have a complete education. His proposals and suggestions has been included in the treatise entitled Institutes of Oratory, which according to him would be, “useful for the right-hinking Roman youth”.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie głównych założeń wychowawczych proponowanych przez M.F. Kwintyliana w kształtowaniu nowych pokoleń prawych ludzi i obywateli. Według Kwintyliana obywatel desygnowany do kierowania i zarządzania państwem miał być idealnym mówcą. Poza wszechstronnym i gruntownym wykształ- ceniem powinien biegle posługiwać się językiem greckim i łacińskim, znać dobrze literaturę, ukończyć studia oratorskie, a nade wszystko powinien go wyróżniać nienaganny profil moralny – powinien być wzorem prawego i nienagannie moralnego człowieka. Postulował, by chłopcy od najmłodszych lat byli przygotowywani do tej roli. Na proces wychowawczy przyszłego mówcy składały się więc edukacja intelektualna i moralna, które odbywały się w tradycyjnych instytucjach wychowawczych starożytnego Rzymu, tj. w rodzinie i w szkole. Od rodziców Kwintylian wymagał wykształcenia i prawości, tak aby dzieci w domu nie były świadkami scen brutalnych i bezwstydnych. Podobne wymagania stawiał nauczycielom, którzy najpierw winni wykazywać się szlachetnością, a następnie gruntownym wykształceniem. Swoje propozycje i postulaty zawarł w traktacie pt. Kształcenie mówcy, który, jak sądził, „będzie pożyteczny dla zdrowo myślącej młodzieży rzymskiej”.
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