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Nonviolent civil resistance against military force: The experience of Lithuania in 1991

100%
Petrauskaite A.
Security and Defence Quarterly
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2021
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vol. 34
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issue 2
38-52
EN
Evolving threats to national security have resulted in the adoption of comprehensive (total) defence concepts by a number of small and medium states. Civil resistance constitutes a considerable part of such concepts, complementing military defence. The historical experience of Lithuania proved the value of nonviolent resistance between 1988 and 1991 for regaining independence, and defending it in January 1991. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of non-violent civil resistance in the national defence system, based on the experience of 13 January 1991 in Lithuania and develop further discussion about the concept of civil resistance. The methodological approach of the article is based on historical and theoretical analysis. This allows the experience of Lithuania to be assessed on the basis of Lithuanian National Security and Defence Strategy and scientific research. Lithuanian non-violent civil resistance in 1988–1991 was successful in terms of strategy, leadership, organisation, planning, non-violence priorities and the number of citizens involved. The leaders of the movement were able to mobilise people into a widespread movement based on their moral authority and value orientations, strongly appealing to different groups in society. Lithuania’s independence was achieved with minimal human sacrifice, preserving the country’s resources and infrastructure. This experience of non-violent civil resistance came to be used by modern state institutions to create strategic documents of the state. In the current situation, it is necessary to focus not only on the knowledge required for state defence and civil resistance, but also on its moral aspects such as values, ethical behaviour, civic and human maturity.
2
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Civil Disobedience in the Movies as an Example of Politics in Pop Culture

75%
Garczewska A., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Urbański D., Piechowiak-Lamparska J., Bryc A., Bojarczyk B., Jorgensen F. A. E., Niedziołka D., Pacześniak A., Potorski R., Wincławska M., Włodkowska-Bagan A., Jeran A., Mol A., Solsbery A., Dąbrowska I., Głodkowski M., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Piechowiak-Lamparska J.
The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies
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2012
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issue 2 (2)
PL
The law cannot justify breaking the law, but it does not mean that law must be blindly followed. For law to be effective it takes more than just written rules and enforcement agencies. It takes people who respect it. It takes socjety understanding social contract. It takes civil society. Society strong enough to notice when the law or authorities are unfair, unjust against rationality or simply not effective because of a lack of social acceptance. Civil disobedience is a social conscience in action. It’s transcendental and makes perfect movie material, therefore acts of resistance against law and government fill popular culture. One may not accept civil disobedience, treat it as a crime, undermine its legal and moral basis, but cannot notice that nowadays this sort of resistance plays an important part in legal, social and cultural changes around the world.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14762
3
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NIEPOSŁUSZEŃSTWO OBYWATELSKIE W STRATEGII POLITYCZNEJ NARODOWEJ DEMOKRACJI 1893–1939

75%
Maj E.
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
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2012
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issue 10
90-99 (10)
EN
Narodowa Demokracja proclaimed its programme to resign from violence as a military activity and manifested its reluctance to insurrectionary techniques of political fighting. It postponed the decision to begin a national uprising, which was supported by a number of factors. Narodowa Demokracja were willing to benefit from the impact made by social authority figures like the Church, the school, and the press. The rules they set out condemned any political loyalty to the occupants. They encouraged passive resistance against Russification or Germanisation and engagement in legal political activities. Narodowa Demokracja focused on how to organise effectively education and upbringing with the use of available means to educate the Polish nation. The experience of the partitions was disregarded when Sanacja, a Polish coalition political movement, was in power. As a result, a wide range of nonviolent resistance methods was adopted, including political and economic boycott.
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