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Stylistyka
|
2020
|
vol. 29
427-439
EN
The Czech language is socially stratified and regionally differentiated, although there are also processes of the opposite character going on in it, like unification and equalization. Language development includes in itself antinomies opposing each other, but which are mutually complementary and converting into each other. The paper presents an interpretation of the functioning of selected antinomies in the language and in speech, such as the relationship between the standard and non-standard forms, represented by the common Czech. As early as in the middle of the last century the tendency to blurring of boundaries between them occurred, while various linguists have had different opinions on that process. These opinions are reflected in inconsistencies present in normative books (dictionaries, grammars, orthographic norms, normative educational handbooks), and this raises the uncertainty of users in the choice of language means. The users are now perhaps more influenced by the media than by teaching. The level of media speech is reflected in the speech of ordinary users, the frequent phenomena being overused, they become fashion, they insinuate themselves into the speech regardless of their functionality or non-functionality. In general, the current situation of the Czech can be characterized as dynamic, with developmental features, both systemic and irregular. Linguistics should not only capture this situation and describe it, but influence it by linguistic awareness, as the followers of the Prague School claimed. However, some linguists refuse it, considering it wrongly as intervention and manipulation.
EN
‘Hasta’ as a particle has been an element of discussion, since its use shows differences depending on the linguistic communities of the Spanish language; one of the highlights in this debate is that American Spanish has considered non-prescriptive effects in multiple works dedicated to the functions of this particle. The present study, by means of examples taken from the macrocorpus “El habla de Monterrey”, contrasts the evidence of oral production of the use of ‘hasta’ with the theory as presented in grammar manuals and lexicographical works. The main hypothesis that supports this work is that American Spanish has had a different development from Peninsular Spanish, and the main objective is to describe and illustrate the use that speakers of the city of Monterrey give to this particle.
ES
La partícula ‘hasta’ ha sido un elemento de discusión, ya que su uso muestra diferencias dependiendo de las comunidades lingüísticas de la lengua española; destaca en este debate que el español americano presenta efectos considerados no prescriptivos en múltiples obras dedicadas a las funciones de esta partícula. El presente estudio, mediante ejemplos tomados de el macrocorpus El habla de Monterrey, contrasta las evidencias de producción oral del uso de ‘hasta’ con la teoría presentada por gramáticas y obras de corte lexicográfico. La hipótesis principal que sustenta este trabajo es que el español americano ha tenido un desarrollo distinto al peninsular, y el objetivo principal es describir e ilustrar el uso que los hablantes de la ciudad de Monterrey dan a esta partícula.
Studia Gilsoniana
|
2020
|
vol. 9
|
issue 3
495-498
EN
This paper is a review of the book: Piotr Lichacz, O.P., Did Aquinas Justify the Transition from ‘Is’ to ‘Ought’? (Warszawa: Instytut Tomistyczny, 2010). According to the author, Lichacz’s book provides a comprehensive analysis of Thomas Aquinas’s anthropological and teleological methodology of philosophy. Consequently, it develops a supervenient and normative characteristic of natural finality onto the description of the human being as discovered in the natural sciences.
4
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EN
The article discusses the employer’s risk as a principle of labour law. The idea of employer’s risk is that the employer bears the consequences of obstacles in the performance of the employment relationship that it has not caused. The author distinguishes the obstacles: not related (the employer’s risk in a strict sense) and related to the employee (personal risk). As a rule, the employer bears the risk of circumstances not related to the employee. The nature as well as the application scope of regulations allow to formulate a normative principle of the labour law. At the same time the employer bears the risk of the obstacles related to the employee only in cases specified in the labour law, both: statutory standards as well as autonomous provisions. As a result, the personal risk of the employer cannot be considered to be a normative principle of the labour law.
PL
Przedmiotem analizy jest ryzyko pracodawcy jako zasada prawa pracy. Autor rozumie ryzyko pracodawcy jako ponoszenie przez pracodawcę konsekwencji niezawinionych przez niego zakłóceń w realizacji stosunku pracy. Zakłócenia mogą być spowodowane okolicznościami niedotyczącymi (ryzyko pracodawcy w ścisłym znaczeniu) lub dotyczącymi pracownika (ryzyko osobowe). Ryzyko wystąpienia zakłóceń niedotyczących pracownika ponosi, co do zasady, pracodawca. Sposób ukształtowania i zakres przepisów pozwalają przyjąć, że jest to normatywna zasada prawa pracy. W przypadku zakłóceń spowodowanych okolicznościami dotyczącymi pracownikami obciążenie pracodawcy następuje tylko w przypadkach wskazanych w przepisach prawa pracy. W rezultacie ryzyko osobowe nie stanowi zasady prawa pracy.
RU
В статье рассказывается об истории создания и организации объединенных межведомственных архивов по личному составу с 1950- х годов и до середины 2000-х годов, а также приводятся законодательные и нормативные акты, регулирующие деятельность межведомственных архивов, показана система и деятельность данных архивов как формы промежуточного хранения документов
PL
Artykuł prezentuje historię powstawania i organizację wspólnych archiwów międzyresortowych dla akt osobowych personelu od lat 50. do połowy pierwszej dekady obecnego wieku. Artykuł analizuje akty prawne i normatywne, wyższego i niższego rzędu, regulujące działalność takich archiwów. Autor pokazuje ich pozycję ustrojową i działalność jako formę tymczasowego (przechodniego) przechowywania dokumentów
EN
The article describes the history of the creation and organization of joint interagency personnel archives from the 1950s to the mid-2000s. The article presents legislative and regulatory acts regulating the activity of interdepartmental archives, shows the system and activity of these archives as a form of intermediate storage of documents.
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