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EN
The proposed amendment provides for the notary to be granted the status of a public official. The drafters do not address issues related to a notary’s business activities or his “status of entrepreneur”. The draft amendment does not contain a prohibition on running a chancellery or conducting business in genere. The form of the proposed changes does not allow to conclude that the intention of the drafters was to “depart” from the current solutions. Moreover there are no legal regulations establishing a general prohibition on the performance of business activities by public officials. Inclusion of notaries in the category of public officers will not result in the application to them of limitations arising from the Act on Restrictions on Conduct of Business Activities by Persons Performing Public Functions.
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Notaries in Ukraine: administrative and legal aspects

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EN
This article analyzes the legal nature of notaries and legal relations that occur in the organization (administrative relationships) and the activity of this body (notarial procedural legal relations). The criteria for classification into types of legal notary are given; their essence and nature are revealed. The focus on the complex nature of the science of notaries as one of the branches of the science of law is emphasized. The essence of such concepts as “notarial procedure” and “ notarial process” is reveled. The question of linkages of notary with international, administrative, civil, tax, financial and criminal law during execution by a notary of functions other than notarial, including fiscal, registration, subject of financial monitoring. The administrative procedures in the management of notarial activities and their types are analyzed.
PL
W artykule analizowano uwarunkowania prawne notariatu, stosunki administracyjnoprawnych, które występują w tej organizacji oraz jej działalność Szczególnie zajęto się praktyką funkcjonowania notariusza w sytuacjach w których należy uwzględniać unormowania prawne wynikających z prawa międzynarodowego, administracyjnego, cywilnego, podatkowego, finansowego i karnego.
EN
Authority and function of the head of guild and custom communicative in the light of Cracow’s brewers protocols (from the years 1729-1760) This article presents the concept of authority exploited in historical studies of language. It shows a clash between the authority of the head of a corporation and the language custom of a speech community fixed in guild protocols. The influence of the older guild is reflected in the choice of the writer, in giving orders to write down contents of extreme relevance as well as in the theme of unusual records. The stylistic, linguistic and genre shape of records depend on the writer, who adapts it to the existing patterns of text. The relationship between the writer and the head of a guild sometimes manifests itself in the records of panegyric character. The situation changes when former writers become the head of guild, which will be discussed in the next publication.
EN
This study investigates linguistic and scriptal variation in notary signatures found in late antique contracts from Egypt, seeking to identify and interpret the potential relationship between choices in language and script. To answer this, theoretical concepts and methods from sociolinguistics, social semiotics, and multilingual studies are used, with the objective of adding a new, more linguistically-oriented perspective to existing research on notarial signatures. On the one hand, this research demonstrates how the Latin script seems to restrict notaries, resulting in transliterated Greek signatures with very homogeneous content. The familiarity of notaries with the Greek language and writing is, on the other hand, reflected in signatures written in the Greek alphabet, which are much more diverse and at times adjusted to the circumstances under which specific documents were composed. Even if notaries seem to lack confidence in freely producing text in the Latin script, they choose to do so due to its functional values, which are conveyed and perceived visually. Latin letters create an association between signatories and Roman law, adding to the trustworthiness and prestige of the signatures. Differentiating between script and language allows us to understand how the Latin script maintained the connotations that formerly accompanied the Latin language, gradually replacing it in the form of transliterated passages, at a time when the language was disappearing from papyrological documentation. In this sense, sociolinguistics, and especially social semiotics, prove useful when dealing with visual aspects of language in papyri, as they prevent their functions and meanings from being overlooked.
EN
Article 19 of the Polish Public Notary Law imposes limitations on public notary workers with regard to undertaking commissioned work outside their main public notary work. This provision, however, is unclear in its interpretation. The article considers the scope of the norm included in the above-mentioned provision and indicates that the norm undoubtedly relates to public notary workers, public notary trainees, associate public notaries and retired public notaries, but it does not include candidates to a public notary position. Further in the article, the author makes a clear division of notions referring to work and activities that bring profit (but not necessarily bring a profit) outside the main public notary work. The above division shows different procedures of obtaining permission from the Council of the Chamber of Public Notaries (RIN). In case of employment outside of the main notary work, advance consent has to be granted. Such consent is not required for work as an academic teacher. RIN, however, can occasionally terminate the employment if it interferes with public notary work. The division results in RIN’s preventative control over the impact an employment will have on the main work of public notary. Commissioned work can be more complex due to a broader interpretation of this notion. This means that a public notary has the duty to report any commissioned work, but they do not have to postpone its commencement until the consent is granted. If the consent is not granted, the notary must terminate any commissioned work with immediate effect. The article considers various types of employment, starting from self-employment to legal person functions, to capital investments. The article also presents the law as it ought to be regarding a simplification and clarification of Article 19 of the Public Notary Law.
EN
The article is an attempt to answer the question concerning the legal issue of notaries taking up partnership in a limited liability companies in the light of Art. 19 of the Act of Law on Notarial Services of 14 February 1991? The undertaken analysis considers also regulations of the Commercial Companies Code. Conclusions resulting from the presented analysis are clear and unambiguous, asides of legal side of the problem, they also present it in the light of moral issues.
EN
This article discusses the manner of shaping the concept of the notary in the period following the restoration of Polish independence until 1923. This period, due to the legal solutions implemented by the partitioning states in various areas, was characterized by a multitude of provisions and the problems with their practical enforcement. As a result, there was an urgent need for unification of the Polish legal system, including the provisions on the notary, which would re-determine the legal position of this particular institution in the Second Polish Republic. This article presents the first part of the discussion on the concepts and ideas presented by individual Notary Chambers and notaries themselves
PL
Artykuł Pozycja prawna notariusza w II RP – projekty reform. Okres 1918 –1923 omawia sposób kształtowania się notariatu i jego koncepcji bezpośrednio po odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości do roku 1923. Okres ten z uwagi na obowiązujące na poszczególnych terenach rozwiązania prawne państw zaborczych charakteryzował Tomasz Chłopecki 143 się różnorodnością przepisów prawnych oraz problemami w ich egzekwowaniu. W wyniku tego istniała pilna potrzeba unifikacji polskiego sytemu prawnego, w tym również przepisów o notariacie, które na nowo określiłyby pozycję prawną notariusza w II Rzeczypospolitej. Artykuł przedstawia rozważania na temat koncepcji i idei prezentowanych przez poszczególne Izby Notarialne oraz samych notariuszy ze Stefanem Górą i Władysławem Leopoldem Jaworskim na czele.
Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
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2017
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vol. 60
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issue 3
169-178
EN
In the law of 16 February 1913, no. 89, the notarial disciplinary procedure was modified introducing diversification of powers according to the severity of the penalties. For the most serious disciplinary sanctions – fine, suspension and dismissal – the jurisdiction was assigned to the common courts, namely the Court of First Instance, the Court of Appeal and the Court of Cassation. For the less serious penalties – warnings and censorships – the jurisdiction was conferred on the District Notary Council, which rulings could be challenged in front of common courts. Dec. 1, 2006, no. 249 has radically altered the regime of the notarial disciplinary procedure and established the Regional Disciplinary Commission (Co.Re.Di.), which has an administrative nature, concerning the application of disciplinary sanctions and precautionary measures, as well as the assessment of the conditions of temporary or definitive termination of notarial functions. In the framework of the reform, however, the District Notary Council was assigned the mere task of supervision and control over the regular conduct of the notary activity and the power to initiate disciplinary proceedings through the right of action was attributed to its chairman.
PL
Nel testo della legge 16 febbraio 1913, n. 89, il procedimento disciplinare notarile era modulato sulla diversificazione delle competenze secondo la gravità delle sanzioni. Per le sanzioni disciplinari più gravi – l’ammenda, la sospensione e la destituzione – la competenza per i tre gradi di giudizio era affidata al giudice ordinario, ossia al Tribunale, alla Corte d’Appello e alla Corte di Cassazione. Per le sanzioni meno gravi – l’avvertimento e la censura – la competenza, nel primo grado, era conferita al Consiglio notarile distrettuale, che decideva con provvedimento impugnabile dinanzi al giudice ordinario. Il d.lgs. 1 agosto 2006, n. 249 ha modificato radicalmente il regime del procedimento disciplinare notarile e ha istituito la Commissione amministrativa regionale di disciplina (Co.Re.Di.), avente natura amministrativa, per l’applicazione delle sanzioni disciplinari e delle misure cautelari notarili e per la valutazione dei presupposti di cessazione temporanea o definitiva dalle funzioni notarili. Nel quadro della riforma, invece, al Consiglio notarile distrettuale il legislatore ha assegnato il mero ruolo d’indagine e di controllo sul regolare svolgimento dell’attività notarile ed il potere di attivare il procedimento disciplinare tramite il diritto di azione accreditato al suo presidente
EN
Publication of two late Ptolemaic loans that exhibit unusual diplomatic features but were nevertheless registered in their respective writing offices. Both have a large blank space where the body contract would normally be written, neither contains the autograph acknowledgement of the syngraphophylax or mention of witnesses, and the lender’s name is left blank. These irregularities are discussed and put in the context of the changing nature of the grapheion in the late Ptolemaic period.
EN
The increasing number of divorces results in longer waiting times for cases to be heard in the courts. Therefore, there are demands to speed up or straighten divorce proceedings, including proposals for assistance facilitating divorce. One such evidence is given to a notary public to draw up a notarial deed establishing the dissolution of the marriage. The article answers the question of whether it is time to allow the public notary to dissolve marriages by divorces. In addition, the provisions of selected countries in which it is allowed to dissolve a marriage by divorce before a notary public are presented.
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EN
The article deals with the system of legal education in the Czech Republic. It briefly describes four public law schools and their history. It also analyzes basic study programmes which are provided by these law schools. The third part of the article describes the main legal professions and their prerequisites.
EN
The aim of the article is to discuss the issue of the new right for notaries introduced by the regulation published during the declaration of the epidemic in Poland. The author in the article tries to explain to the analyzes how an electronic document issued by public entities is dated by a notary. The author tries to explain what an electronic document is in the light of the Act and explains the nature of the notary's certification activities, which is the certification of the date of presentation of the document. The article introduces the reader to the methodology of a notary's work in the field of certifying a authenticated date.
Rejent
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2024
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issue 2 (394)
125-138
EN
In the article, the needs for changes in regulations aimed at improving the safety and efficiency of legal transactions are discussed. The author points out the necessity of promptly abandoning the currently enforced bureaucratic procedure. The method of performing notarial acts, mainly relying on paper document gathering, constitutes an excessive burden on citizens. Simultaneously, the author emphasizes the necessity for notaries to access selected public registers and the creation of appropriate software and teleinformatics systems to support notarial offices. Additionally, the author calls for the expansion of the Central Repository of Electronic Copies of Notarial Deeds CERWAN. Implementing these proposals will constitute a significant facilitation for citizens and enhance the efficiency of legal transactions, without compromising the level of legal transaction security.
Rejent
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2021
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issue 9 (365)
11-34
EN
In this article, we can find a view criticism, according to art. 36 § 2 sentence 1 of the Family and Guardianship Code the contents of which serve to indicate that statutory mutual statutory representation of the spouses to make the activity of managing the assets of the spouses. In the author’s opinion a role of this provision is different. From art. 36 § 2 sentence 1 of the Family and Guardianship Code the authorization of each spouse results remaining in a joint marital property regime to exercise independently joint subjective rights towards third parties, i.e. the marital property subjective rights, including entitlement to disposal of these rights. In case of the legal acts obliging one of spouses to enter into financial commitment does not mean that another spouse is his/her party. In case of acquiring a property right by one of the spouses, its covering with the joint property of the spouses is a consequence of obliging art. 31 § 1 sentence 1 of the Family and Guardianship Code, and also art. 33 point 2 in fine of the Family and Guardianship Code.
EN
The origins of the modern Polish system of notaries date back to the period of the Polish Second Republic. At the end of World War I, the institution of notaries in Polish lands was heterogeneous. There were three separate notary organizations, which regulated differently the systemic position, tasks and functions of the notary. The rebirth of the Polish State brought the issue of unification of the system of notaries. Works on this ground-breaking task took place for several years and ended with the creation of the Law on Notaries of 27 October 1933. The article is intended to precisely determine the systemic position of the notary under the first Polish Law on Notaries. Article 1 of the Regulation defined notary as a public functionary appointed to draw up acts and documents to which the parties were obliged or wanted to give the public attestation and to carry out other acts as entrusted to him by law. Attempts to define the concept of a public official revealed numerous terminological problems and generated the need to conduct research on the issue of the notary’s position both in terms of scholarly reflection and dogmatic terms. In order to determine the systemic position of the notary, the article presents a detailed analysis of the term “public functionary” used in Article 1 of the Law on Notaries, views of the most eminent representatives of legal science in Poland on this subject and the scope of activities of the notary. The doubts and terminological difficulties identified in the course of these activities led to a deeper analysis of the provisions of Section I of the Law on Notaries, entitled “System of Notaries” (provisions of Chapters I–III) and of the case law. However, the attempt undertaken in the article to clearly define the position of the notary under the first Polish Law on Notaries did not bring a fully satisfactory result. The analysis of the position of the notary in the light of the Law on Notaries of 1933 indicates that there are serious difficulties in defining it precisely, both among the scholars in the field and the judicature. To fully define it, a closer analysis of the provisions of the Law on Notaries concerning the supervision of notaries, disciplinary and compensation liability of notaries, the professional self-government of notaries and the rules of preparation for the profession of notary was necessary. These issues have a significant impact on the final shape of the notary’s position within the legal system. Due to editorial limitations, these issues will be addressed in the second part of this article, along with final conclusions.
PL
Początki współczesnego notariatu polskiego sięgają okresu Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej. Pod koniec I wojny światowej instytucja notariatu na ziemiach polskich była ukształtowana w sposób niejednolity. Obowiązywały trzy odrębne organizacje notariatu, w różny sposób regulujące pozycję ustrojową notariusza, jego zadania i funkcje. Wraz z odrodzeniem Państwa Polskiego powstało zagadnienie unifikacji notariatu. Prace nad tym przełomowym zadaniem trwały kilkanaście lat i zakończyły się powstaniem Prawa o notariacie z dnia 27 października 1933 r. Celem artykułu jest precyzyjne określenie pozycji ustrojowej notariusza na gruncie pierwszego polskiego Prawa o notariacie. Art. 1 rozporządzenia określał notariusza jako funkcjonariusza publicznego powołanego do sporządzania aktów i dokumentów, którym strony obowiązane były lub pragnęły nadać znamię wiary publicznej, a także do spełniania innych czynności zleconych mu przez prawo. Próby definicji pojęcia „funkcjonariusz publiczny” ujawniły liczne problemy terminologiczne i stworzyły konieczność przeprowadzenia badań nad zagadnieniem stanowiska notariusza zarówno pod kątem doktrynalnym, jak i w ujęciu dogmatycznym. W celu określenia pozycji ustrojowej notariusza w niniejszym artykule poddano szczegółowej analizie użyte w art. 1 Prawa o notariacie określenie „funkcjonariusz publiczny”, poglądy najwybitniejszych przedstawicieli nauki prawa w Polsce na ten temat oraz przedmiotowy zakres czynności notariusza. Ujawnione w toku tych czynności wątpliwości i trudności terminologiczne doprowadziły do głębszej analizy przepisów Działu I Prawa o notariacie zatytułowanego „Ustrój notariatu” (przepisy Rozdziałów I–III) oraz orzecznictwa. Podjęta w opracowaniu próba jednoznacznego sprecyzowania stanowiska notariusza na gruncie pierwszego polskiego Prawa o notariacie nie przyniosła jednak w pełni zadowalającego rezultatu. Dokonana analiza pozycji ustrojowej notariusza w świetle Prawa o notariacie z 1933 r. wskazuje na istnienie poważnych trudności w precyzyjnym jej określeniu, zarówno wśród przedstawicieli doktryny, jak i judykatury. Do jej pełnego ustalenia niezbędna okazała się bliższa analiza postanowień Prawa o notariacie, dotyczących nadzoru nad notariatem i notariuszami, odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej i odszkodowawczej notariusza, samorządu zawodowego notariatu oraz zasad przygotowania do zawodu notariusza. Zagadnienia te mają istotny wpływ na ostateczny kształt pozycji ustrojowej notariusza. Ze względu na ograniczenia redakcyjne kwestiom tym i wnioskom końcowym poświęcona będzie druga część niniejszego artykułu.
EN
Jan Wincenty Bandtkie (1783-1846) entered history as a longstanding lecturer, as well as the first Dean of the Faculty of Law and Administration at the University of Warsaw. He combined his academic interests with running a Notary.s Office. As early as the time of the Duchy of Warsaw, King Frederick August I appointed him Notary at the Court of Appeal, which at the time gave him the opportunity to practise the profession throughout the state. He maintained the office he was entrusted with after the establishment of the Kingdom of Poland. Holding the office until 1843, he became famous for his conscientiousness and honesty. He was a supporter of the French model of notary.s office introduced in the Polish lands, although he noticed its drawbacks. As a graduate of the University of Halle, he was superbly prepared for the duties entrusted to him. Bandtkie’s extensive experience, profound knowledge and innate foresight allowed him to effectively protect the interests of the parties to legal transactions.
EN
The notary’s office in Poland has existed since 12th century and initially operated under canon law. Separation and independency initiated at the end of 16th century. Main character of the article, Jan Nepomucen Gustowski, ran a notary office between 1917–1952 and was subject to the political changes of the time.
PL
Notariusz Jan Nepomucen Władysław Gustowski pełnił swą funkcję w latach 1917–1952 kolejno w Brześciu Kujawskim i w Gostyninie. Jego działalność przypadała na czasy zaboru rosyjskiego i PRL, z przerwą na czas okupacji niemieckiej. Najdłużej pracował w Gostyninie. Oprócz prowadzenia kancelarii angażował się w działalność patriotyczną i społeczną. W 1952 r., w związku z upaństwowieniem kancelarii notarialnych, został pozbawiony możliwości wykonywania zawodu.
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EN
The article shows that the value of the equity is incessantly penetrating into the constituted law. Equity is becoming involved in the prescriptive regulations, it is opening the system of civil law to preterlegal values, making him more sensitive to the needs of the social environment. Equity is also a fundamental value which is the underlying reason for legal professional ethics. It leads to the conclusion that the equity constitutes the contact point between the law and the professional ethics of legal professions. It is expressing simultaneously the fundamental imperative of ethical proceedings and the interface of the law and ethics of legal professions.
PL
Artykuł dowodzi, iż wartość słuszności nieustannie przenika do prawa stanowionego. Wkracza ona w regulacje normatywne i otwiera system prawa na wartości pozaprawne, czyniąc go bardziej wrażliwym na potrzeby otoczenia społecznego. Słuszność to również fundamentalna wartość leżąca u podstaw prawniczej etyki zawodowej. To doprowadza do wniosku, że stanowi ona punkt styczny pomiędzy prawem a etyką zawodową prawniczych profesji. Wyraża ona jednocześnie fundamentalny nakaz etycznego postępowania i wspólną płaszczyznę prawa oraz etyki.
EN
The scientific reflection on a thorough reform of the divorce law is justified by the growing social need to saturate divorce with private autonomy and to abandon full institutionalization. The changes consist in the introduction of divorce with the participation of a notary. In the first place, such a regulation was adopted by Eastern European countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia). The idea of notarial divorce also flourished in Western and Southern Europe. A comparative law analysis shows the diversity of the position in which a notary appears in proceedings leading to an out-of-court divorce. The paper rejects the French variant of the dissolution of marriage. The author considers three ways of shaping a divorce with the participation of a notary. Divorce could be based on a contract (the model of a legal act), an act of official authority entrusted to a notary (a model similar to a court decision) or - depending on the grounds for dissolution of marriage - on heterogeneous legal events (dualistic model).
EN
Maciej of Grójec was a typical representative of the Krakow clergy. Originating from Mazovia, he studied at the University of Krakow, became a notary and climbed the career ladder in the Krakow Consistory. The reconstruction of his career shows the difficulties faced by researchers: inconsistent or subtitutable use of different dignities in the formulas of documents, deviations from the rules developed in the office. Finally, the canon and the vicar was a relics collector, and probably made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land together with Długosz or was the founder of the reconstruction of one of the chapels of the Krakow Cathedral and the founder of its equipment.
PL
Maciej z Grójca był typowym przedstawicielem kleru krakowskiego. Pochodził z Mazowsza, studiował na Uniwersytecie Krakowskim, został notariuszem i piął się po szczeblach kariery konsystorza krakowskiego. Odtworzenie jego kariery pokazuje trudności, z jakimi mają do czynienia badacze: niekonsekwentne czy zamienne używanie różnych godności w formułach dokumentów, odstępstwa od wypracowanych w kancelarii reguł. Kanonik i wikariusz był wreszcie kolekcjonerem relikwii, zapewne pielgrzymował z Długoszem do Ziemi Świętej czy był fundatorem przebudowy jednej z kaplic katedry krakowskiej i fundatorem jej wyposażenia.
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