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EN
State aid in the European Union has become one of the most important areas of competition law (perhaps it may even be regarded a separate area of law), although it is based only on a few provisions of primary EU law. These are Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)1 , which define the scope of the competence, substance and procedure in this area of law, as well as the institutions responsible for its implementation, including the review of granted state aid. This article focuses on the issues relating to the application of the rules on competence and procedure in order to determine the extent of the powers of the European Commission (‘EC’ or ‘Commission’) as regards the freedom to grant state aid and review the competences of EU Member States in that area.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to verify the hypothesis that a debt write-off implemented recently by Polish authorities in favour of public hospitals constitutes State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union. The paper contains a detailed description of the nature of the measure – its historical background, regulatory context, as well as its construction. It presents an in-depth analysis of the fulfilment by the measure of the conditions stipulated in Article 107(1) TFEU. As a preliminary issue, the analysis addresses the problem whether Polish public hospitals can be considered as undertakings within the meaning of EU competition law, particularly, as to their activity financed by the sickness fund organized under the principle of social solidarity. The answer to this question seems to be affirmative and in line with the landmark Hoefner and Elser judgments where the ECJ held that the way in which an entity is financed is irrelevant for its classification as an undertaking. The paper argues in favour of the thesis that the debt write-off must be considered as affecting trade between Member States and competition. Consequently, and contrary to the official position of the Polish government, the measure in question is classified as State aid.
FR
Le but de cet article est de vérifier l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’amortissement total des dettes effectué récemment par les autorités polonaises en faveur des hôpitaux publiques constitue une aide publique au sens de l’Article 107(1) TFUE. L’article contient une description détaillée de la nature de cette mesure – son histoire, contexte législatif aussi que sa construction. Il présent une analyse profonde de l’accomplissement par cette mesure des conditions indiquées par l’Article 107(1) TFUE. Comme question préliminaire, l’analyse a pour objectif de vérifier si les hôpitaux publiques polonais peuvent être considérés comme entreprises au sens de la loi de concurrence de l’EU par rapport à son activité financée par le fonds de maladie organisé en accord avec le príncipe de la solidarité sociale.
EN
The article presents the scope of the European Commission’s competence regarding the examination of state aid measures. The provisions of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union were analysed as they were the basis for the clarification of the powers to review by this institution in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Despite the exclusivity of the Commission’s competence in matters of state aid, the Member States also play a significant role in this area, in particular when the obligation to notify new state aid measures and ensuring compliance with the standstill clause are concerned. Furthermore, certain functions, which are supplementary yet complementary at the same time, are performed by the national courts. The Commission’s measures to review, provided by Regulation 2015/1589 codifying the CJEU case-law in this field, is discussed in this study. It should be highlighted that, if review proceedings are performed in relation to the Member State concerned, the consequences of the infringements are mainly borne by the beneficiaries of the aid granted. The author also gives a brief reminder of the rights of the interested parties and the particularities of challenging the Commission’s aid decisions.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia kompetencje kontrolne Komisji Europejskiej (KE, Komisja) w zakresie badania środków pomocowych. Analizie poddano art. 107 i art. 108 Traktatu o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej, które stanowiły podstawę uszczegółowienia jej uprawnień w orzecznictwie Trybunału Sprawiedliwości UE (TSUE, Trybunał). Pomimo wyłączności kompetencji Komisji w tej dziedzinie, pewną rolę odgrywają państwa członkowskie, zwłaszcza jeśli chodzi o obowiązek notyfikacji nowej pomocy publicznej oraz przestrzegania klauzuli stand still. Uzupełniający charakter ma orzecznictwo sądów krajowych. W opracowaniu szczegółowo omówiono paletę środków kontrolnych Komisji określonych w rozporządzeniu 2015/1589, które kodyfikuje orzecznictwo TSUE. Postępowanie kontrolne jest prowadzone w odniesieniu do konkretnego państwa członkowskiego, jednak konsekwencje stwierdzonych uchybień ponoszą beneficjenci pomocy. Artykuł omawia w związku z tym uprawnienia strony oraz specyfikę zaskarżenia decyzji pomocowych Komisji.
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