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Film Novelization as Multimodal Translation

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EN
Novelization, i.e. a literary adaptation of a film, despite its widespread presence on the book market, was treated as a merely commercial phenomenon, and until the late 1990s, it did not inspire any academics research. The main objective of this paper is to show that the phenomenon of novelization can offer new opportunities for linguistics and to reconsider the place of novelization in adaptation and translation studies. It is claimed that the process of film-to-book transformation can be called a translation process. The term multimodal translation is adopted since transforming a multimodal text (film) into a monomodal one (book) involves a change of modalities and their density. What follows is an attempt to propose tools that can be used for the effective analysis of multimodal translation, which involve the classical Aristotelian view of the three-part plot of verbal texts and Elżbieta Tabakowska’s theory of cognitive translation. In order to illustrate the film–book translation process, an Interstellar film segment and its book counterpart are analyzed and the conclusion has been drawn that both the film and the book units use the same orientational image schemata. These findings prove that the extension of Tabakowska’s theory to multimodal texts is an adequate framework for the comparison of a film and its novelization.
EN
Hideo Kobayashi, who is today known as one of the most prominent literary critics of the Showa era in Japan, published Ophelia’s Will in 1931 when he was still an aspiring novelist. This novella was an adaptation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, composed as a letter written by Ophelia to Hamlet before her enigmatic death in the original play. While the novel has previously been considered as a psychological novel that sought to illustrate the inner life of the Shakespearean heroine, this paper examines the process by which Kobayashi rediscovered Hamlet as a drama that foregrounds the impenetrability of the characters’ inwardness and highlighted in Ophelia’s Will his diversion from the psychological rendition of Ophelia. In so doing, the paper analyses the revisions Kobayashi continued to make to the novel even until the post-war era, especially when it was republished in 1933 and 1949. Though these revisions have rarely been discussed by the researchers, they demonstrate the essential changes made to the novel, mainly to its literary style, which corroborates Kobayashi’s shifting interest and his developing interpretation of Shakespeare’s works and Hamlet.
EN
The article consists of two parts: in the first, theoretical part, the author characterizes the novelizations taking into account their place in the contemporary cultural and media landscape. In the author’s view, the novelizing, i.e. transforming audiovisual texts into a medium of literature, is an example of transmedia and convergent world-forming practices. In the second part of the article the author presents a typology of video game novelizations (exploratory, alternative and simultaneous novelizations). She analyzes chosen examples of novelizations and on this basis she concludes about the functions that their particular types perform in the creation of storyworlds.
PL
Artykuł składa się z dwóch części: w pierwszej, teoretycznej, autorka charakteryzuje nowelizacje z uwzględnieniem ich miejsca we współczesnym pejzażu kulturowo-medialnym. Nowelizowanie, czyli transformowanie tekstów audiowizualnych w medium literatury jest w ujęciu autorki przykładem transmedialnych i konwergentnych praktyk światotwórczych. W drugiej części artykułu autorka przedstawia typologię nowelizacji gier wideo (nowelizacje eksplanacyjne, alternatywne oraz symultaniczne). Analizuje wybrane przykłady nowelizacji i na tej podstawie wyciąga wnioski odnośnie do funkcji, jakie poszczególne ich typy pełnią w kreowaniu światoopowieści (storyworlds).
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