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EN
In such a complex and uncertain world, it may help to think like a Hindu, and accept contradiction as more in keeping with social and political reality than is finding a right answer to complex policy puzzles. What is almost impossible for those trained within Western frames of reference is to grasp that there are diverse perspectives of understanding that may result in seemingly contradictory recommendations despite shared values and goals. Civilizational perspectives and personal experience inevitably color what we feel, think, and do, and so being likeminded when it comes abolishingnuclear weapons is often coupled with somewhat divergent views on what to advocate when it comes to tactics and priorities.In this spirit, this paper tries to depict a set of reasons why the goal of nuclear disarmament will never be reached so long as arms control and nonproliferation of nuclear weaponry are seen as the pillars of global stability in the nuclear age.
EN
This articles considers the concept of legal disputes in international law. On 5 October 2016, the International Court of Justice delivered judgments in three cases brought by the Marshall Islands against certain nuclear weapons States (against India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom). In all three of them, the Court decided that it did not have jurisdiction to entertain the case as the application was inadmissible due to the absence of legal dispute between the States. To put it short, for the first time in the history of the ICJ there has been no legal dispute about nuclear weapons between the Marshall Islands and the respective Respondents. With the large support of non-governmental organizations, the Marshall Islands instituted proceedings against the nuclear powers (the applications were admitted only against the above three States) for the alleged non-compliance with the treaty and customary obligation to pursue in good fait, and to bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament and cessation of the nuclear arm race. The Court made significant pronouncements on legal dispute which require careful examination. In particular, the narrow majority in this case developed an additional subjective criterion of the "awareness" of the Respondents regarding the claims of the Applicant, underlining a surprising and unwanted move towards increasing formalism and subjectivism of the International Court. Paragraph 41 of the judgment (UK) states: "a dispute exists when it is demonstrated, on the basis of the evidence, that the respondent was aware, or could not have been unaware, that its views were 'positively opposed' by the applicant". This article discusses legal and political disputes as well as the concept of justiciability of disputes. It further considers the reasoning of the Court with particular regard to the awareness criterion introduced by the Court. It is submitted that the new awareness criterion is not only at variance with the established jurisprudence of the Court, but also undermines the obligation of the Court to rely on objective conditions and facts and compromises judicial economy and sound administration of justice. One may wonder whether the ICJ introduced deliberately the awareness criterion in order to remove from the list a case which was highly political and might have discouraged the great powers from the optional clause system and the international adjudication as a whole.
PL
Niniejsze studium zagłębia się w wieloaspektową dynamikę konfliktu rosyjsko-ukraińskiego, badając jego początki, podstawy geopolityczne, implikacje wojskowe i globalne konsekwencje. Wykorzystując kompleksową analizę artykułów naukowych, traktatów rządowych, doniesień prasowych i rankingów siły militarnej, badania nakreślają wzajemne oddziaływanie interesów geopolitycznych, powiązań historycznych, przynależności religijnych i strategii wojskowych, które ukształtowały trajektorię konfliktu. Metodologia obejmuje obszerny przegląd źródeł pierwotnych i wtórnych w celu wyjaśnienia złożonej natury konfliktu, mając na celu zapewnienie holistycznego zrozumienia kryzysu. Badanie podkreśla znaczenie traktatów o rozbrojeniu nuklearnym, napięć religijnych, zdolności wojskowych i sojuszy międzynarodowych w kształtowaniu trwającej wojny i jej szerszych implikacji. Niniejsze studium akademickie ma na celu kompleksową analizę konfliktu rosyjsko-ukraińskiego, badając wydarzenia historyczne, czynniki geopolityczne i dynamikę wojskową. Badanie ma na celu zapewnienie wieloaspektowego zrozumienia tej złożonej kwestii i wniesienie cennych spostrzeżeń dla decydentów, naukowców i praktyków zaangażowanych w nawigację i rozwiązywanie kryzysu. Pytania badawcze: - Dlaczego Ukraina zrzekła się swojego arsenału nuklearnego w traktacie budapeszteńskim z 1994 roku? - Jakie były religijne podstawy wpływające na rosyjsko-ukraińską konfrontację? - W jaki sposób czynniki geopolityczne przyczyniły się do rosyjskiej inwazji na Ukrainę? - Jakie były wskaźniki rosyjskiej determinacji do użycia siły militarnej przeciwko Ukrainie? - Jaka jest obecna dynamika i implikacje wojny na wyniszczenie na Ukrainie? Hipotezy/Twierdzenia: Hipoteza 1: Na decyzję Ukrainy o porzuceniu arsenału nuklearnego na mocy traktatu budapeszteńskiego wpłynęły zapewnienia o suwerenności terytorialnej, pomimo sceptycyzmu co do możliwości ich wyegzekwowania. Teza 1: Tożsamości religijne, w szczególności prawosławie, historycznie kształtowały i wpływały na dynamikę konfrontacji między Rosją a Ukrainą. Teza 2: Presja geopolityczna i interesy strategiczne, zarówno regionalne, jak i globalne, znacząco przyczyniły się do wstępu do rosyjskiej inwazji na Ukrainę. Hipoteza 2: Wskaźniki takie jak rozbudowa militarna, manewry dyplomatyczne i motywacje geopolityczne sygnalizowały zamiar Rosji eskalacji konfliktu przeciwko Ukrainie. Teza 3: Trwająca wojna na Ukrainie obejmuje asymetryczne działania wojenne, wyzwania humanitarne oraz rozległe implikacje regionalne i globalne, wpływające na przebieg konfliktu. Te hipotezy i tezy kierują badaniem wieloaspektowej natury konfliktu rosyjsko-ukraińskiego, mając na celu zapewnienie kompleksowego wglądu w jego wymiar historyczny, geopolityczny i wojskowy.
EN
This study delves into the multifaceted dynamics of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, exploring its origins, geopolitical underpinnings, military implications, and global ramifications. Utilizing a comprehensive analysis of scholarly articles, governmental treaties, news reports, and military strength rankings, the research outlines the interplay between geopolitical interests, historical ties, religious affiliations, and military strategies that have shaped the conflict's trajectory. The methodology encompasses an extensive review of primary and secondary sources to elucidate the complex nature of the conflict, aiming to provide a holistic understanding of the crisis. The study highlights the significance of nuclear disarmament treaties, religious tensions, military capabilities, and international alliances in shaping the ongoing war and its broader implications.This academic study aims to comprehensively analyze the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, investigating historical events, geopolitical factors, and military dynamics. The study endeavors to provide a multifaceted understanding of this complex issue and contribute valuable insights for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners involved in navigating and resolving the crisis. Research Questions: -          Why did Ukraine relinquish its nuclear arsenal in the Budapest Treaty of 1994? -          What were the religious underpinnings influencing the Russian-Ukrainian confrontation? -          How did geopolitical factors contribute to the lead-up to the Russian invasion of Ukraine? -          What were the indicators of Russian determination to employ military force against Ukraine? -          What are the ongoing dynamics and implications of the war of attrition in Ukraine? Hypotheses/Theses:Hypothesis 1: Ukraine's decision to abandon its nuclear arsenal under the Budapest Treaty was influenced by assurances of territorial sovereignty, despite underlying skepticism about enforceability. Thesis 1: Religious identities, particularly Orthodox Christianity, have historically shaped and influenced the confrontational dynamics between Russia and Ukraine. Thesis 2: Geopolitical pressures and strategic interests, both regional and global, significantly contributed to the prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.Hypothesis 2: Indicators such as military build-up, diplomatic maneuverings, and geopolitical motivations signaled Russia's intent to escalate the conflict against Ukraine. Thesis 3: The ongoing war of attrition in Ukraine involves asymmetrical warfare, humanitarian challenges, and extensive regional and global implications, impacting the course of the conflict. These hypotheses and theses guide the study's exploration of the multifaceted nature of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, aiming to provide comprehensive insights into its historical, geopolitical, and military dimensions.
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