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Kelsen in the reactor hall? The complex interrelationship of national law, European Union law and international law in the regulation of nuclear safety

100%
Fyhr K.
Studia Prawa Publicznego
|
2023
|
issue 3 (43)
57-88
EN
This paper focuses on a highly specialized field of law, namely nuclear law. This is characterized, on the one hand, by strong national competences and the primary position of national law, but also, on the other hand, by the international dimension, which has a major impact on national law. For a European Union Member State, the picture is even more wide-ranging, as European Union law, in this case the Euratom Treaty, adds another important layer to the legal-regulatory framework in the nuclear energy sector. The point of departure for this paper is therefore that of an EU Member State, which in nuclear energy issues functions in a legal field consisting of three interdependent main elements – national law, European Union law and international law. Thus, the article seeks to answer the question of which of these three legal systems is the primary one for an EU Member State in the area of nuclear safety, and also to shed light on their interrelationships. he theoretical framework for this analysis aimed at systematization is Hans Kelsen’s classical theory of legal systems. The argument presented here is that for an EU Member State the primary legal system from a legal-hierarchical point of view is the legal system composed of EU law. This is the case mainly because the EU has competence in the area of nuclear safety, albeit shared with the EU Member States. Although the EU/Euratom has not yet significantly expanded regulation in this field, this will most likely change as EU energy policy and legislation develops further in the future. This evolution will most likely have both legislative and enforcement impacts, despite the fact that the substantive content of legislation on all three levels is quite similar. In spite of this, the three legal systems co-exist in constant interaction and without major collisions. Kelsen’s perspective can prove beneficial for understanding the boundaries of the three interdependent legal systems and the shift of the basic norm towards EU law over the past two decades.
2
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Ograniczenie autonomii prezesa Państwowej Agencji Atomistyki

100%
Nowacki T. R.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2018
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issue 4(147)
53–73
EN
The last amendment to the Atomic Law of 2016 introduced two major changes in the organizational structure of the auxiliary apparatus of the President of the National Atomic Energy Agency (PAA) — the chief nuclear regulatory body in Poland and at the same time a central government administration body. It changed the mode of dismissal of the PAA vice presidents by the minister responsible for environment from the application to the discretionary mode. In addition, the powers of PAA President regarding the appointment of his advisory body (the Council for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection) have been transferred to the minister who presently determines the composition of the Council and appoints the chairman, his deputy and the secretary. These changes have limited the autonomy of the PAA President, refl ecting reversal of the current legislative tendencies in Poland. So far the legislator has gradually but consistently expanded the scope of the PAA President’s independence, which has its origins both in the concept of central government administration bodies as well as in international and European law of nuclear energy.
3
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Ocena rządowego projektu nowelizacji ustawy – Prawo atomowe oraz ustawy o ochronie przeciwpożarowej

100%
Cezary M.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
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2019
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issue 2(62)
90-111
EN
The author indicates that the purpose of the bill is to comply with obligations arising from the European Union law and international law. The project concerns the implementation in national law of provisions of Council directives introducing basic nuclear safety standards for protection against dangers arising from exposure to ionizing radiation. The proposed legal changes result from recommendations included in the perort of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
4
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Organy dozoru jądrowego w strukturze administracji rządowej w Polsce

100%
Nowacki T. R.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
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2021
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issue 1(69)
9-38
EN
This article discusses the current position of the supreme nuclear regulatory authority in Poland – the President of the National Atomic Energy Agency (PAA President) in the structure of government administration in the light of provisions of the Polish Constitution and of international and European law, taking into account the principle of independence of nuclear regulatory authorities. A particular attention was paid to the critical analysis of the current subordination of the PAA President to the supervision of the minister responsible for the environment. Based on the arguments relating to the importance of the tasks of the PAA President and their importance for national security, their multifaceted character in relation to various sectors of government administration, as well as on the basis of comparative and historical ones, it is postulated to restore the supervision of the Prime Minister over the PAA President.
5
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Nemesis nových technologií v jaderném právu

63%
Handrlica J.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2022
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vol. 161
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issue 2
99-111
EN
Reprocessing technologies, disposal facilities, small nuclear reactors – these three new technologies are currently being intensively discussed and it is likely that they will be deployed in the Czech Republic. However, the precondition to any such deployment is not only the fulfilment of technological requirements, but also the establishment of an adequate legal framework. This paper deals with the preparedness of the existing legal framework to the deployment of these new technologies. In broader terms, this paper aims to contribute to the theoretical discussion on the mutual relations between law and the emerging new technologies.
CS
Přepracování jaderných odpadů, hlubinná úložiště, malé jaderné reaktory – to jsou tři nové typy technologií, jejichž budoucí nasazení je v oblasti mírového využívání jaderné energie v současnosti intenzivně diskutováno. Předpokladem pro takové nasazení je nejenom splnění technických parametrů, ale také existence odpovídající právní úpravy. Tento příspěvek se zamýšlí nad otázkou, jestli je současné právo na tyto nové technologie připraveno. V širší rovině má tato stať ambici přispět do teoretické diskuse o vzájemném vztahu mezi právem a novými technologiemi. Prezentuje tezi, že zatímco novým technologiím je inherentní určitá míra neznáma, co se týče jejich dalšího vývoje, normativní systém práva je ve své podstatě statický a má omezené možnosti reagovat na nepředvídatelný vývoj v budoucnu. Vztah práva a nových technologií je limitován tímto pnutím.
6
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EWOLUCJA PRAWNEGO STATUSU ORGANÓW NADZORUJĄCYCH BEZPIECZEŃSTWO WYKORZYSTYWANIA ENERGII JĄDROWEJ W POLSCE

51%
Nowacki T. R.
Zeszyty Prawnicze
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2018
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vol. 18
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issue 3
115-149
EN
Up to the mid-twentieth century there were no special state authorities or legislation for radiation control, so users of radiation sources had to rely on their own practical and theoretical knowledge of radiation to protect themselves against its harmful effects. The first Polish legislation on radiation protection was instituted in the 1950s, and a decade later a nuclear regulatory authority was appointed. For the next decades this body went through several changes of its name and institutional status, combining supervisory powers in the field of radiation safety with its primary task to stimulate and coordinate the growth of Poland’s nuclear energy industry and technology. Gradually under the influence of international trends and legislation it developed into a regulatory body responsible for nuclear safety, radiological protection, and nuclear security and safeguards. Currently the President of National Atomic Energy Agency (Państwowa Agencja Atomistyki) exercises the powers of the country’s nuclear regulatory body and has the status of a central government administration body.
PL
Do połowy XX w. z braku wyspecjalizowanych organów państwowych i przepisów prawa użytkownicy źródeł promieniowania bazowali na własnej wiedzy praktycznej i teoretycznej w zakresie wpływu promieniowania na organizm ludzki i możliwości ochrony przed jego negatywnymi skutkami. W latach pięćdziesiątych XX w. powstały pierwsze wprost poświęcone ochronie przed promieniowaniem przepisy rangi państwowej, a w dekadę później wyznaczono organ odpowiedzialny za regulację działalności z wykorzystaniem źródeł promieniowania jonizującego. Przez kolejne dekady organ ten zmieniał nazwę i usytuowanie w strukturze instytucji państwowych, łącząc kompetencje nadzorcze w zakresie bezpieczeństwa ze swoim pierwotnym i głównym zadaniem w postaci stymulacji i koordynacji rozwoju wykorzystania energii jądrowej i technik jądrowych w Polsce. Stopniowo pod wpływem międzynarodowych trendów i prawodawstwa wykształcał się organ odpowiedzialny wyłącznie za bezpieczeństwo jądrowe, ochronę radiologiczną, ochronę fizyczną obiektów i materiałów jądrowych oraz zabezpieczenia materiałów jądrowych. Aktualnie organem tym jest Prezes Państwowej Agencji Atomistyki będący naczelnym organem dozoru jądrowego i jednocześnie centralnym organem administracji rządowej.
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