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PL
This paper focuses on the cultural and political importance of papal nuncios’ final reports (relazioni finali) as one of the basic sources of knowledge about the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth in the Roman Curia. The final report was a document, in essence a summary, which a diplomat was required to complete at the end of his mission (or immediately after). During the creation of the office of permanent nuncio to the major European courts, the preparation and delivery of the final report often took place orally. Gradually, the relazione evolved into a written version. Throughout the sixteenth century, when knowledge about Poland-Lithuania in Rome was rather poor, the relazioni finali consisted of colourful descriptions of the geography, the history, and the social and political relations of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the seventeenth century, this document became more political in character. It related directly to the activities of the papal diplomats, rituals and ceremonials, and any particular problems regarding the missions, rather than extensive descriptions of relatively banal curiosities. Throughout the seventeenth century in particular, when a permanent papal diplomatic presence had just been established in Poland-Lithuania, the final reports were an important contribution to future missions. Newly-appointed nuncios therefore willingly used the extremely important information contained therein. The practice of writing relazioni finali made it easier for the Holy See to consolidate its diplomatic influence and presence in Central and Eastern Europe in the early modern period. It also fostered papal interest in the social and political features of the enormous ‘noble’ republic.
PL
The archbishop of Capua, Antonio Caetani (1566–1624), was an eminent member of a Roman aristocratic family. From 1607 to 1611, he resided at the Imperial court of Prague as Apostolic Nuncio in the service to Pope Paul V, where he witnessed the turmoil that gradually overwhelmed Bohemia, ruled at that point by Emperor Rudolf II of the House of Habsburg. Caetani moved in an orbit characterised by various coexisting political, local, confessional and social forces. His negotiations within the maze of the court were characterised by a wise and cautious approach of not interfering openly in Imperial affairs: a sort of ‘wait-and-see’ policy that was almost inevitable. This was firstly because of the Imperial ministers, who, instead of acting as a conduit to reach the ears of the sovereign, were actually considered obstructive and unhelpful because of their private aims, personal resentments, and often-outright hostility. Secondly, Caetani’s mission was hampered by the Rudolf II's suspicious nature: the Emperor feared papal intrusion in Imperial affairs. The papal nuncios did not merely embody the pope; they were also political subjects within networks of interpersonal relationships. Within these networks, they could practice their diplomatic roles, and also carry out (their own) personal affairs. Below, I will attempt to demonstrate how Caetani’s political strategy failed to establish fruitful relations with the courtiers and the Emperor.
PL
Angelo Maria Durini był nuncjuszem w Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1767– 1772. Historycy nieraz zastanawiali się, czy tylko reprezentował stanowisko papieża, czy też wychodził poza jego instrukcje. Postawa Duriniego dyplomaty oraz stosunki z opozycją antykrólewską zdają się sugerować nie tyle przekraczanie kompetencji, co jednostronne podejście do papieskich dyrektyw, którym nieobca była koncepcja kompromisu.
EN
Angelo Maria Durini was papal nuncio in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1767–1772. Historians have asked more than once whether he only represented the position of the pope or whether he exceeded his instructions. The attitude of the diplomat Durini and his relations with the anti-royal opposition seem to suggest not so much overstepping his authority as a one-sided approach to papal directives that were quite familiar with the concept of compromise.
DE
Es besteht heute die Notwendigkeit einer vollständigen Veröffentlichung von Akten der polnischen Nuntiatur sowie der Formulierung von reifen wissenschaftlichen Auffassungen und Monographien über einzelne Nuntien. Die vorliegende Publikation enthält neben der ersten Biographie des 31. Nuntius Giovanni Battista Lancellotti sowie den allgemeinen Bemerkungen über die Genese, Struktur und den Grundinhalt einer solchen Quellenkategorie wie Gesandtschaftsinstruktion auch eine erste kritische Edition der italienischen Fassung der Instruktion von Lancellotti und gleichzeitig ihre Übersetzung ins Polnische. Diese kritische Bearbeitung der Gesandtschaftsinstruktion von Lancellotti hat eine Verstärkung der Untersuchungen zum Ziel. Dadurch soll die weiterhin existierende biographische Lücke ausgefüllt und zugleich sollen die ersten Einschätzungen über die Realisierung der Prioritäten der Warschauer Nuntiatur formuliert werden. Eine vollständige Monographie und eine reife Einschätzung der (fünf Jahre dauernden) diplomatischen Mission des Nuntius Lancellotti sind noch nicht möglich, da es an einer vollständigen Edition von Quellen der polnischen Nuntiatur (zumindest für die erste Hälfte des 17. Jhs.) sowie an monographischen und prosopographischen Bearbeitungen der Gestalten anderer päpstlicher Gesandter dieser Zeit mangelt.
PL
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