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EN
The new Penal Code chapter Va collects forfeiture and compensation measures: an obligation to remedy damages and exemplary damages. These measures were deprived of formal qualification for punitive measures. Underlining the compensatory nature of the obligation to repair the damage, and at the same time depriving it of certain elements in the field of retributive and protective functions, allows to make criminal law more comprehensive response. Maintaining an artificial and rigid separation between criminal law and civil law does not seem justified. However, the separation causes also some doubts. Particularly, doubts may be raised by insufficiently precise regulation of obligation to pay remedy damages and exemplary damages. It does not seem at all clear whether the rules on civil liability could be fully applicable when deciding the duty of art. 46 of Penal Code. The following issues should be decided: the ability to adjudicate interest when remedy and exemplary damages are ruled, the ability of insurance company to apply for remedy damages in criminal trial. Extending the scope of the impact of substantive civil law to criminal law should be followed by the consideration of the need for changes in the criminal procedure, by better adapting it to rule in matters essentially belonging to the civil law.
PL
Ubezpieczenie odpowiedzialności cywilnej posiadaczy pojazdów mechanicznych jest najpowszechniejszym ubezpieczeniem w Polsce. Każdy posiadacz pojazdu mechanicznego ma obowiązek pod karą pieniężna posiadać tego rodzaju polisę. Wypadki komunikacyjne często staja się początkiem nie tylko cywilnego procesu o odszkodowanie, ale też procesu karnego. Sąd karny może orzec o roszczeniach majątkowych wynikających z przestępstwa, między innymi poprzez nałożenie obowiązku naprawienia szkody. Artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na pytania: czy ubezpieczony może się domagać od ubezpieczyciela zwrotu zapłaconego środka karnego? Czy może zobowiązać ubezpieczyciela do jego zapłaty? W jakiej relacji pozostają konstrukcje prawa cywilnego do przepisów karnych? Na podstawie orzecznictwa i wypowiedzi doktryny autorka analizuje funkcję i charakter karnoprawnego obowiązku naprawienia szkody.
EN
Third-party liability insurance of vehicle owners is the most common insurance in Poland. Each owner of a motor vehicle is required to have this type of policy under the pain of fine. Traffic accidents often become not only the beginning of a civil lawsuit for damages, but also the criminal proceedings. The criminal court can rule on the financial claims being the result of a crime, inter alia, by imposing an obligation to redress the damage. The article is an attempt aiming at answering the questions: Can the insured person seek reimbursement from the insurer having paid the punitive measures? Can he make the insurer pay it? What is the relationship between the civil law and criminal law provisions? On the basis of judicature and doctrine, the author analyzes the function and the nature of a duty that originates in a criminal law to redress the damage.
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