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PL
The articke charakterizes the conditions in which the well-know shoe company from Czechoslovakia-later on a word potentate in this trade - the "Bata" concern had to function. The first  part of the article discusses the attempts of penetrating the market in the southern Poland tkat were undertaken during the World War I, and later on the early 1920s. The attempts failed due to administrative limitations imposed pn the trading of leather and shoes as well as due to currency perturbations. The second part of the article presents the functioning of the company and its development starting from opening Polish Shoe Partnership "Bata" A.A. in Cracow and building a fatory in Chelmek in 1932. It focuses on depicting the atmosphere in which the company from Czechoslovalia functioned on the Polish market. The article discusses the reactions of the shoe industry to the functioning of "Bata"and persecutions from the Polish authorities that initially treated the company with visible distrust. It also presents the process of changing the view of the company resulting from the German threat and the agreement for its further expansion achieved by bulding a new dhoe and leather factory near Puławy as part of the Central Industrial Region. A sepetare issue that is discussed in the article are the protective methods that were used by the Polish daughter company against and developmant limitations that were imposed by the authorities - methods that treated on a fine line between legal and illegal, or even crossed the line.
EN
Pieces of textile on fragments of leather footwear from excavations at Ujście 5.
EN
In 2008, rescue excavations were conducted at Ujście during which about 7.500 leather objects from the Middle Ages were recorded. This study is focused on leather products such as shoes and accessories as well as medieval manufacturing techniques.
EN
The article contains the latest research results of the collection of leather artefacts, obtained during excavation at the Market Square in Gniew in 1976 (site 2, trench IV). The collection of footwear remnants and production waste (offcuts), obtained from layers dated at the end of the 13th, first and second half of the 14th century, was examined. Based on the microscopic observation, the species classification of the raw material was established (Tab. 1–5). Significant differences in the proportions of raw material from small and large ruminants and wild animals were found in the collection of shoe remnants and offcuts of new skins. Good quality soft leather and secondary raw material from cutting worn shoes were used in the workshop production. A large number of secondary offcuts of repetitive shapes (Figs. 2, 3) allowed the reconstruction of the shoe cutting scheme to recycle leather (Fig. 4). The obtained results confirmed the shoemaking and repair nature of the workshop in which footwear was made of new leather and used products were collected in order to repair or reuse the raw material.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przegląd zmian dokonujących się w europejskim i światowym sektorze TCLF (włókienniczym, odzieżowym, skórzanym i obuwniczym) na przestrzeni ostatniego dziesięciolecia z punktu widzenia nowych wymogów dążenia do gospodarki cyrkularnej a w ostatnich latach do gospodarki cyfrowej. W artykule przeprowadzono charakterystykę zmian w częściach składowych tego przemysłu (nazywanego w przeszłości przemysłem lekkim), w Unii Europejskiej oraz w gospodarce światowej w kontekście wymogów zrównoważonego rozwoju oraz niwelowania skutków niekorzystnych zmian klimatycznych. W ostatnich programach europejskich i światowych chodzi bowiem głównie o osiągnięcie surowych wymogów gospodarki cyrkularnej, w tym zwłaszcza na zmniejszenie presji na zasoby naturalne o osiągnięcie celu neutralności klimatycznej do końca 2050 r. Tym pozytywnym dla naszej planety zmianom, sprzyja również dążenie do rozwoju gospodarki cyfrowej.
EN
The article aims to review the changes that have taken place in the European and global TCLF (Textiles‑Clothing‑Leather‑Footwear) sector over the last decade from the perspective of new requirements of pursuing a circular and, especially in recent years, a digital economy. The paper describes the changes in the components of this industry (formerly called the light industry) in the European Union and the world economy in the context of sustainable development requirements and the effects of climate change. Recent European and global programs mainly aim to achieve the circular economy’s strict requirements, including reducing pressure on natural resources, to achieve climate neutrality by the end of 2050. This positive change for our planet is also supported by the pursuit of the development of the digital economy.
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