Artykuł został poświęcony genezie zasady suwerenności narodu. Analizując problem suwerenności, należy uwzględnić, że chodzi tu o termin, który występuje w wielu zna - czeniach i kontekstach, rodząc spory interpretacyjne. Suwerenność jest kategorią teoretycznoprawną, charakterystyczną dla różnych dzie - dzin prawa. Wraz z rozwojem cywilizacyjnym następuje jej reinterpretacja, redefini - cja oraz zmiana percepcji. We współczesnych, demokratycznych konstytucjach zasada zwierzchniej władzy narodu, albo inaczej mówiąc – suwerenności narodu w państwie, jest nie tylko po - wszechnie obecna, jest także punktem wyjścia wszelkich konstrukcji demokratycz - nych systemów władzy. Jednak jego interpretacja nastręcza wiele trudności i należy do szczególnie kłopotli - wych. Jaki jest charakter tej formuły, jaka jest jej treść, a przede wszystkim jej prawne i polityczne konsekwencje? Stwierdzenie tego jest utrudnione z uwagi na wieloznacz - ność samego pojęcia władzy suwerennej – koncepcja suwerenności ma za sobą kilka wieków rozwoju, w ciągu których rozwijały się, nie zawsze harmonijnie, poszczegól - ne jej elementy. Efektem jest sytuacja, w której hasło „suwerenność władzy” obejmuje różne problemy, zasadniczo wymagające odrębnego traktowania i odrębnej terminologii.
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This paper is devoted to the origins of the principle of sovereignty of the nation. While analysing this issue, we should bear in mind that it is a term with multiple meanings and contexts, giving rise to its multiple interpretations. Sovereignty constitutes a theoretical category characteristic of various areas of law. In the course of the development of civilisation, it has been subjected to reinterpreta - tions, redefinitions and changes in perception. In modern, democratic constitutions, the principle of the superior power of the na - tion or, in other words, sovereignty of the people in a country, is not only widely present but also it constitutes a starting point for the construction of democratic systems of government. However, its interpretation poses many difficulties and it is extremely problematic. What is the nature of this formula, what is its content, and, above all, what are its legal and political consequences? The answers to the above questions are problematic due Agnieszka Kos 47 to the ambiguous nature of the concept of sovereign power. The concept of sovereignty has developed over centuries, during which it has evolved, not always harmoniously, into individual elements. This has led to a situation where the slogan ‘sovereignty of authority’ encompasses a variety of issues, generally requiring individual treatment and separate terminology.
The author discusses Ivan Franko’s poem Moses, regarded by Yurii Sherekh as the „Second Testament” of Ukrainian literature. This positive opinion of the Moses stimulates research interests. Using the methods of comparative contextual hermeneutics, the author analyses Ivan Franko’s specific “theology of hope” in the historical literary and philosophical theological context. He argues that the basis for hope in Franko’s philosophical reflection upon history was the Old Testament eschatology, born from God’s covenant with Israel and from the faith in a liberating-salvation mission of Moses. He draws special attention to the prophetic meaning of the Prologue and the poet’s references to the figure of Moses.
The article deals with a stereotypical perception of Lesya Ukrainka drama Blue Rose as an experimental and somewhat incomplete work. The main thesis of the text is: the drama fits into the context of European dramaturgy of the late 19th – early 20th century and is consonant with the aesthetic searches of symbolists. The author analyses the motive of hereditary insanity, psychology drama, including fears of the protagonist, autobiography of work, and makes a comparison between interpretations of love themes in Lesya Ukrainka and Dante, and in Lesya Ukrainka and Russian symbolists (A. Blok, A. Bely). The basis for drama philosophy of two worlds was made through the establishment of platonic love doomed to end in tragedy in an imperfect world. The activation of a Middle Ages discourse allowed Lesya Ukrainka to do all the artistic discoveries, which later become the basis for the formation of symbolist theatre.
Community and individual are major topics of philosophical discussions during the 17th–18th centuries in Europe. Is there a natural need of living together? What urges people to join and stay together despite the constant hostility and fighting? How to combine a duty to the community with individual freedom? A concept of the common is mostly negative in Skovoroda’s texts because the philosopher was in the permanent conflict with society, praised solitude and self-knowledge. The paper argues that this theme was very important for his concept of an ideal man. The analysis is structured into three sections: individual and society (duty to the community), individual and individual (friendship), truth and spiritual community (choir). It is said that Skovoroda’s perfect community correlates with the idea of ‘symphony’ as the cognitive and ethical principle.
Ilarion (Ivan Ohienko) published in his Canadian periodical Faith and Culture (1953–1967) as well as his reviews of new books in literature studies and fiction published in continental Ukraine. Bishop Ilarion’s literary reviews and assessments can be divided into two groups: 1) assessments and commentaries of works on new Ukrainian literature studies (‘pre-October’) and 2) new (‘Soviet’). The first group includes critical reviews of scientific research works of M.D. Bernstein, M.N. Komyshachenko whose methodological foundations (Marxist-Leninist) he couldn’t accept. Many materials on the pages of Faith and Culture are dedicated to individual figures of Ukrainian literary process of the new period. Among them is his linguistic and literary research work Marko Vovchok’s language, commentaries to I. Franko’s articles which appeared in continental Ukraine to mark his centennial (1956), articles about А. Chaikovskiy, materials about Nataleta Koroleva, B-I. Antonych etc. Bishop Ilarion paid less attention to works of Ukrainian literarure scholars dedicated to works by Soviet writers. He didn’t like their Communist ideological bias. This was reflected in his assessment of works by M. Syrotiuk Ukrainian historical prose (1958), collection of papers Soviet literature studies. N1 (1959) etc. Ivan Ohienko also paid attention to works of fiction in Ukraine. He considers such works as Атестат зрілості by V. Kozachenko, Світанок над морем by J. Smolych, Данило Галицький by A. Hyzhniak to be the model of communist ideology. Different tonality and style characterize Bishop Ilarion’s literal and critical reviews of works by Ukrainian diaspora representatives. The reviews do not contain any ironical implicatures, direct criticism, ideological non-acceptance. Among highly praised works are those by P. Zajtzev Життя Тараса Шевченка (1955), J. Slavutych Іван Франко і Росія (1959) etc. Ohienko as a critic also pays attention to works by famous diaspora writers D. Humenna, I. Bahriannuj, U. Samchuk, H. Zhurba etc. Bishop Ilarion (Ivan Ohienko), who was limited within his scientific research and was denied a professor’s position, succeeded in combining his religious ministration and science. As a student and representative of historical and philological school of V. Peretz and the author of numerous philological studies, I. Ohienko symbolized the objective, free of political bias, ethical and profound criticism.
Mykhailo Hrushevsky, a Ukrainian historian and politician, was born at Chełm on 29 September 1866, died on 25 November 1934 at Kislovodsk. He is the author of a ten-volume synthesis of History of Ukraine-Rus’, published in Lwow and Kiev in 1898–1936. In his work, he separated the history of Ukraine from the history of Russia. Living and working in specific national and social conditions of Ukraine at the turn of the 20th century, he disapproved of the role of Poland and Polish people in the history of Ukraine. The response of the Polish historiography of that time to Hrushevsky’s work was very negative – he was accused of having politicised history. Those opinions and polemics concerning Hrushevsky and his publication have been gathered and presented in a book by Ł. Adamski Nacjonalizm postępowy. Mychajło Hruszewski i jego poglądy na Polskę i Polaków [Progressive Nationalism. Mykhailo Hrushevsky and His Opinions of Poland and Poles], published in Warsaw in 2011. There is also a debate among Ukrainian historians. Since 1997 the History of Ukraine-Rus’ is being published in English (The Hrushevsky Translation Project), thanks to The Peter Jacyk Centre for Ukrainian Historical Research Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. The project is headed by Professor Frank E. Sysyn. The last, tenth volume, is entitled: From the Death of Khmelnytsky to the Union of Hadiach (Edmonton–Toronto 2014). The English edition is supplemented with a full and comprehensive critical apparatus and rich literature on the subject.
In 2015, Todos’ Os’machka celebrated his 120th anniversary. In the paper, the author outlines Shakespearean motifs in T. Os’machka’s poetry and novellas. The concepts of visionaries, apocalypse, and palingenesis (παλιγγενεσία) have been discussed taking into account Os’machka’s texts. His novella Starshyi boyaryn represents the mythological orientations explicated through the narrative peculiarities and the key idea of apocalypse and its spiritual afterglow. The text seems to be a Ukrainian version of Shakespeare’s Macbeth, which was translated by Os’machka and published in 1953 together with Henri IV. The author’s texts represent specific historical visionaries and demonstrate an outstanding model of Ukraine as a metaphysical place. The reception of Os’machka’s works as ‘alchemical’ (Yu. Sherekh) has been also spotlighted in the paper.