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Odkrycia archeologiczne w Pilicy

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Andrzejowska M., Karczmarek Ł., Gan P.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2021
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vol. LXXII
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issue 72
117-143
EN
In July 2019, a bronze spiral bracelet and an ancient potsherd were discovered by chance in the bed of the Pilica River, near its confluence with the Vistula. The artefacts were recovered from the bottom of the river, by the southern bank of a small sandy island located between the villages of Pilica (Warka Commune, Grójec County) and Boguszków (Magnuszew Commune, Kozienice County) (Fig. 1, 2). As a result of a professional archaeological investigation, carried out with the help of a team of underwater archaeologists, ten more sherds from ancient earthenware vessels were obtained from the immediate vicinity of the original find (Fig. 3). The potsherd assemblage consists of two bases, two base sherds, six body sherds and one sherd of either a disc-shaped plate or a massive base (Fig. 4–6). Most sherds show signs of a long-term stay in an aquatic environment. One sherd has been identified as modern, the rest should be associated with the Lusatian culture from a period covering the later phases of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Of note is the strongly smoothed lower part of a vessel with thickened base (Fig. 4:b, 5:b, 6:b). It may be a fragment of a so-called Ulwówek beaker/mug, a ceramic form known mainly from sites located to the east of the Middle Vistula, in the basin of the rivers Wieprz and Bug. The closest finds of vessels identified as the Ulwówek type are known from the Lusatian culture settlement and cemetery at Maciejowice, Garwolin County, and from the cemetery at Radom Wośniki. Ulwówek type beakers/mugs are commonly dated to Bronze Age IV, although some specimens (e.g., from Radom), due to certain specificity of their form and decoration, may be dated to Bronze Age V and later. The remaining sherds mostly come from roughened, medium- and thick-walled vessels, made from a clay body with ample coarse-grained mineral temper, often white and pink in colour (Fig. 4). They present features of the Lusatian culture earthenware from the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age. At present, it is not possible to clearly indicate the place (or places) from which the pottery was washed away and transported by the current. Among the Lusatian culture sites located along the river, the settlement at Michałów-Parcele, Warka Commune (Fig. 7), situated on a sand-and-gravel elevation occasionally undercut by the river, should be foremost considered. The site, excavated in the 1970s, has yet to be analysed and published. The ten-coil bracelet was made from a plano-convex bronze strip with round wire terminals (Fig. 8, 9). It is decorated with repeating alternating motifs of wide bands composed of narrow transverse grooves and oblique crosses, some of which have a circled dot symbol punched at the point where the arms intersect (Fig. 10). The form and decoration of the bracelet resemble in style the adornments of the “Stanomin type”, considered products of a Lusatian culture metallurgical centre from Hallstatt period D, located in Kuyavia. The most typical “Stanominian” decorative element of the Pilica bracelet is the recumbent cross motif, encountered in different variants on the adornments regarded as “Kuyavian ornaments”, throughout the entire range of bracelets in particular (Fig. 12:a–e.j–m). However, the number of coils, strip parameters and type of terminals distinguish this specimen from both the “short” and “tall” bracelets in J. Kostrzewski’s classification (1954), recently modified by M. Maciejewski (2019). In these particular features, the Pilica bracelet resembles three, likewise atypical, decorations discovered at Zabieżki, Otwock County, and near Słupia (Nowa?), Kielce County (Fig. 12:m), which were accompanied by “Kuyavian” ankle- and neck-rings as well as Stanomin type ankle-rings of the Mazovian variant in the classification by M. Mogielnicka-Urban (2008). The metal strips they were made of were more massive than in the case of the other “tall” bracelets decorated with crosses. Their terminal coils, in the form of smooth, round wires, find no analogy among other similarly decorated specimens. Such a shape of terminals is characteristic of tall, specifically decorated bracelets consisting of over a dozen coils, made from a not overly broad strip of roughly triangular cross-section, discovered (also together with “Kuyavian” items) in eastern Mazovia and Podlachia (Fig. 12:p). The four bracelets were probably made in workshops located in the area where the canons of craftsmanship and decorative arts, represented by the “classic” Kuyavian products, intermingled with designs valued by the local market. The chemical composition of the alloy of which the Pilica bracelet was made is characteristic of the majority of goods from the Hallstatt period (Appendix 1). Due to the absence of signs of bronze manufacturing in the area in question, attempting to locate the workshops is not possible. A few other finds of “Kuyavian bronzes” are known from the Lower Pilica region; they were found on their own or as parts of multi-component hoards (Fig. 7). Their characteristics and the context in which they occurred indicate wide-ranging connections of this area and various cultural zones, especially those in southern and south-eastern Europe.
PL
W lipcu 2019 roku w korycie rzeki Pilicy, niedaleko jej ujścia do Wisły, przypadkowo odkryto spiralną bransoletę brązową i ułamek starożytnego naczynia glinianego. Zabytki wydobyto z dna rzeki, przy południowym brzegu niewielkiej piaszczystej wysepki, położonej pomiędzy wsiami Pilica, gm. Warka, pow. grójecki i Boguszków, gm. Magnuszew, pow. kozienicki (Ryc. 1, 2). W wyniku profesjonalnych badań archeologicznych, przeprowadzonych z udziałem ekipy nurków-archeologów, w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie pierwszego znaleziska pozyskano jeszcze dziesięć fragmentów starożytnych naczyń glinianych (Ryc. 3). Zbiór ułamków ceramiki składa się z dwóch den, dwóch fragmentów przydennych partii naczyń, sześciu fragmentów brzuśców i jednego fragmentu talerza krążkowego, względnie masywnego dna (Ryc. 4, 5). Większość skorup nosi ślady długotrwałego przebywania w środowisku mokrym. Jeden ułamek uznano za nowożytny, pozostałe należy łączyć z kulturą łużycką z przedziału czasowego obejmującego młodsze fazy epoki brązu i wczesną epokę żelaza. Wyróżnia się dolna część silnie gładzonego naczynia o pogrubionym dnie (Ryc. 4:b, 5:b, 6:b). Może być to fragment tzw. pucharka/ kubka ulwóweckiego, formy ceramicznej znanej przede wszystkim ze stanowisk ulokowanych na wschód od środkowej Wiały, w dorzeczach Wieprza i Bugu. Najbliższe znaleziska naczyń zaliczanych do typu ulwóweckiego znane są z osady i cmentarzyska kultury łużyckiej w Maciejowicach, pow. garwoliński i z cmentarzyska w Radomiu-Wośnikach. Pucharki/ kubki ulwóweckie powszechnie datowane są na IV okres epoki brązu, jednak niektóre okazy (np. z Radomia), ze względu na pewną swoistość formy i ornamentu, mogą być datowane na V okres epoki brązu i później. Pozostałe fragmenty w większości pochodzą z naczyń średnio- lub grubościennych, chropowaconych, wykonanych z masy ceramicznej z obfitą domieszką mineralną o dużych ziarnach często barwy białej i różowej (Ryc. 4:i). Noszą cechy warsztatu ceramicznego kultury łużyckiej z końca epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza. Obecnie niemożliwe jest jednoznaczne wskazanie miejsca (lub miejsc), z których materiały ceramiczne zostały wypłukane i przeniesione przez wodę. Z położonych wzdłuż rzeki stanowisk kultury łużyckiej należy przede wszystkim brać pod uwagę osadę w Michałowie-Parcelach, gm. Warka (Ryc. 7), leżącą na piaszczysto-żwirowym wyniesieniu okresowo podmywanym przez rzekę. Badane w latach 70. XX wieku stanowisko nie zostało dotąd opracowane i opublikowane. Dziesięciozwojowa bransoleta wykonana została z płasko-wypukłej taśmy brązowej z końcami w kształcie okrągłych drutów (Ryc. 8, 9). Zdobiona jest powtarzającymi się na przemian motywami szerokich pasów złożonych z poprzecznych wąskich żłobków oraz skośnych krzyży, z których część ma na skrzyżowaniu ramion wybity symbol kółka z zaznaczonym środkiem (Ryc. 10). Forma i ornamentyka bransolety bliskie są stylistyce ozdób „typu stanomińskiego”, uznawanych za produkty lokowanego na Kujawach ośrodka metalurgicznego kultury łużyckiej, datowanego na okres halsztacki D. Najbardziej typowym „stanomińskim” elementem zdobniczym bransolety z Pilicy jest motyw leżącego krzyża, spotykany w różnych wersjach na wyrobach zaliczanych do kategorii „ozdób kujawskich”, a zwłaszcza na bransoletach w całym ich zasięgu (Ryc. 12:a–e.j–m). Liczba zwojów, parametry taśmy i rodzaj zakończeń różnią jednak ten egzemplarz zarówno od „niskich” jak też od „wysokich” bransolet w klasyfikacji J. Kostrzewskiego (1954), ostatnio zmodyfikowanej przez M. Maciejewskiego (2019). Swoiste cechy upodobniają bransoletę z Pilicy do trzech, również nietypowych ozdób odkrytych w Zabieżkach, pow. otwocki i w okolicach Słupi (Nowej?), pow. kielecki (Ryc. 12:m), które wystąpiły w towarzystwie nagolenników i naszyjników „kujawskich”, oraz nagolenników typu stanomińskiego wersji mazowieckiej wg klasyfikacji M. Mogielnickiej-Urban (2008). Wykonane zostały z bardziej masywnych pasów metalu niż pozostałe „wysokie” bransolety zdobione krzyżami. Ich końcowe zwoje,w postaci gładkich, okrągłych drutów, nie mają analogii w pozostałych, podobnie ornamentowanych okazach. Taki kształt zakończeń jest natomiast charakterystyczny dla wysokich, kilkunastozwojowych, specyficznie zdobionych bransolet zwiniętych z niezbyt szerokiej taśmy o daszkowatym przekroju, odkrywanych(także w zespołach z wyrobami „kujawskimi”) na wschodnim Mazowszu i Podlasiu (Ryc. 12:p). Te cztery bransolety powstały zapewne w pracowniach ulokowanych w strefie mieszania się kanonów sztuki rzemieślniczej i zdobniczej reprezentowanej przez wyroby uważane za „klasyczne” kujawskie, z wzorami cenionymi na miejscowym rynku zbytu. Skład chemiczny stopu, z którego wykonano bransoletę z Pilicy jest charakterystyczny dla większości wyrobów z okresu halsztackiego (Aneks1). Brak śladów wytwórczości brązowniczej na omawianym terenie uniemożliwia próby lokalizacji warsztatów. Z rejonu dolnej Pilicy znanych jest jeszcze kilka znalezisk „brązów kujawskich”, znajdowanych pojedynczo i w wieloskładnikowych skarbach (Ryc. 7). Ich charakterystyka i kontekst, w jakim wystąpiły, świadczą o szerokich powiazaniach tego obszaru z różnymi strefami kulturowymi, zwłaszcza południowej i południowo-wschodniej Europy.
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Starożytne zabytki z doliny rzeki Iny w Suchaniu, pow. stargardzki

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Górska-Maciałowicz A.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2011
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vol. 8
31-121
EN
This article is a study of the collection of the ancient metal artefacts that were found in the Ina valley to the south of Suchań, Stargard Szczeciński County. The finds are dated from the Bronze Age to the Roman Period. The collection is of great informative value not only because of unusual environment of deposition, but also because some artefacts are of great material and artistic value. Two objects deserve special mention: a necklace of a Wendelring type and a silver fibula with a double spring, for which there are no close analogies. Furthermore, because of the fact that relatively little is known in terms of archaeology in this area, the finds give new information that help understand the regional cultural situation. It is worth mentioning that from the Bronze Age there are only tools and weaponry, i.e. a sickle, axes and a spearhead, whereas from the Hallstatt Period and the Roman Period aretefacts consist only of ornaments and coins. It is also important to note that there is a chronological as well as typological similarity of the finds from Suchań to the finds from the site at Buczek, Białogard County. Artefacts from the Bronze Age probably served as substitute grave goods or sacrificial objects, whereas the finds from the Roman Period could be sacrificial.
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Domniemane grodzisko łużyckie w Prusinowie, gmina Gryfice, stanowisko 3 (AZP 19-11/52)

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Janowski A., Ignaczewska K.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2019
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vol. 15
381-394
EN
The article presents results of the research undertaken in 2016 at a site in Prusinowo near Gryfice. The site was previously thought to be an early medieval fortified settlement. The results of the latest research indicate that it could be dated to the turn of the Bronze Age and Hallstatt period. The site is surrounded with a destroyed rampart and a shallow ditch (moat?) from the south and east, which suggest that originally a fortified settlement existed in this place. The unusual course of the fortifications, however, does not preclude a possibility of their modern origin.
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Unique sanguisuga-type brooch from former Prussia-Museum

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Kaczyński B. Z., Grzędzielska A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2022
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vol. LXXIII
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issue 73
245-252
PL
W działającym w Królewcu do 1945 roku Prussia-Museum znajdował się niewielki, zagadkowy zbiór zabytków, który tworzyły dwie brązowe szpile, biało-niebieski paciorek szklany, nieokreślona moneta srebrna, niewielkie naczynie gliniane, a także dwie unikatowe zapinki pijawkowate z glinianym rdzeniem, kabłąkami prawdopodobnie zdobionymi wstawkami z koralu, zakończone długą nóżką z kulką (Ryc. 1). Zabytki te stanowiły spuściznę pastora Sylwestra Józefata Suszczyńskiego (1827–1885), po jego śmierci przekazaną Prussia-Museum m.in. za sprawą pastora Friedricha Juliusa Leopolda Skierlo z Pisza (dawn. Johannisburg), który był członkiem Towarzystwa Starożytniczego „Prussia”. Suszczyński, przez większość życia katolicki ksiądz pracujący w kilku parafiach w Wielkopolski (1852–1875), w 1875 roku zawarł w Szwajcarii związek małżeński w obrządku starokatolickim, a w 1881 roku ponownie zmienił wiarę – na ewangelicką – i osiadł na Mazurach, gdzie od 1883 roku w dzisiejszym Rożyńsku Wielkim koło Ełku (dawn. Groß Rosinsko, Kr. Johannisburg) był pastorem; najprawdopodobniej nigdy nie miał nic wspólnego z archeologią. Dwa fragmenty jednej z nich przetrwały zniszczenia wojenne i obecnie znajdują się w Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte w Berlinie (Ryc. 2). Dzięki nim i rysunkowi archiwalnemu można stwierdzić, że fibule z kolekcji Suszczyńskiego odpowiadają wariantowi A typu sanguisuga według Patrizii von Eles Masi. Wygląd zapinek sugeruje, że prawdopodobnie wykonano je w warsztacie funkcjonującym na obszarze kultury Golasecca, zajmującej tereny dzisiejszej północnej Italii, na co wskazuje także analiza rozprzestrzenienia analogicznych egzemplarzy (Ryc. 4). Na tym terenie podobne zapinki uznawane są za jedne z najokazalszych elementów stroju kobiecego. Formy zbliżone typologicznie do omawianego tu egzemplarza są charakterystyczne dla fazy Golasecca IIb według Raffaele Carlo De Marinisa, odpowiadającej schyłkowe-mu stadium fazy HaD2 oraz wczesnemu i środkowemu stadium fazy HaD3. W tradycyjnej chronologii bezwzględnej faza Golasecca II datowana jest na lata 525–480 p.n.e., zaś według korelowanej datami węglowymi chronologii halsztackiej na lata 585–540 rokiem p.n.e. Nie wiadomo, w jaki sposób owe „egzotyczne” zapinki pijawkowate trafiły do rąk Suszczyńskiego. Najbardziej prawdopodobne wydaje się, że obie zapinki pochodzą z Wielkopolski, gdzie ówczesny ksiądz Suszczyński spędził większość swojego życia. Z tego rejonu znane są zresztą importy halsztackie i północnoitalskie. Oczywiście, mógł też wejść w ich posiadanie w czasie pobytu w Prusach, wówczas jednak zmagał się z problemami finansowymi i raczej mógł pozbywać się zbiorów, a nie je powiększać. Najstarsze znane obecnie importy śród-ziemnomorskie z tego obszaru datowane są zresztą dopiero na okres LTB. Możliwe jest wreszcie, że zakupił te zapinki podczas pobytu w Szwajcarii, co jednak uznajemy za raczej nieprawdopodobne. Ostatecznie przyjąć musimy, że rzeczywistego pochodzenia obu fibul typu sanguisuga (i pozostałych zabytków z kolekcji Suszczyńskiego) najpewniej nie poznamy już nigdy.
EN
The paper presents a North Italian bronze sanguisuga-type brooch, with a long foot and coral insets, dated to the Golasecca IIB phase. The brooch belonged to the collection of Pastor Sylwester Suszczyński, of the former Groß Rosinsko in Masuria. After his death in 1885, it ended up in the collection of the Prussia-Museum in Königsberg, and its fragments are now in the collection of the Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin. It seems quite likely that this brooch (and a second identical one, now lost) came from Greater Poland, where Suszczyński, then a Catholic priest, worked between 1852 and 1875. It would therefore be one of the extremely rare North Italian imports in Central Europe from the younger stage of the HaD2 phase and the older and middle stage of the HaD3 phase.
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Wyniki interwencyjnych badań archeologicznych w Ługowinie, gm. Resko

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Dworaczyk M.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2023
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issue 19
221-255
PL
Stanowiska archeologiczne Ługowina 12 (AZP: 24-14/5) i Ługowina 13 (AZP: 24-14/6) zostały odkryte podczas badań terenowych prowadzonych w 1988 roku. Początkowo oznaczono je jako punkty osadnicze – prehistoryczne (12 i 13) i późnośredniowieczny (12). W oparciu o najnowsze znaleziska zmieniono funkcję stanowisk. Obecnie są to dwie, a być może fragmenty jednej osady, której chronologię – na podstawie niewielkiego zbiorowiska ułamków ceramiki – ustalono na piąty okres epoki brązu – okres halsztacki.
EN
Archaeological sites Ługowina 12 (AZP: 24-14/5) and Ługowina 13 (AZP: 24-14/6) have been discovered during a field survey conducted in 1988. Initially, they were recorded as settlement points – prehistorical (12 and 13) and late medieval (12). Based on recent finds, the function of the sites has been changed. Now these are settlements, or perhaps parts of one settlement, the chronology of which – based on a small assemblage of potshards – was established to the fifth period of the Bronze Age – the Hallstatt period.
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Sadłowo – nieznany typ bimetalicznych szpil kultury pomorskiej

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Kaczyński B.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2020
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vol. LXXI
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issue 71
239-250
EN
Dress fasteners with no known analogies in other cultural units appeared in the Pomeranian Culture at the end of Hallstatt Period D. Only their most impressive examples (brooches of the Tłukomy and Wymysłowo-Wróblewo types) drew the attention of researches and were further examined. Other regional forms of brooches and pins remain undescribed, including pins with iron shafts and bronze conical heads with concave bases and side surfaces decorated with transverse grooves. I refer to such objects as pins of the Sadłowo type. There are four known examples of pins of this type: from Sadłowo, Rypin County (Fig. 1, 2, 3:3), Kalisz-Majków, Kalisz County (Fig. 3:1), Nowe Borówko, Kościan County (Fig. 3:2), and Krusze-Osiek, Świecie County (Fig. 4). Three of them have been uncovered as a result of a search queries in the museums in Poznań, Płock and Warsaw (Fig. 3). The fourth pin, previously stored in the collection of the then Westpreußisches Provinzial-Museum in Gdańsk, was lost during the WWII. It has been identified thanks to the drawings preserved in the archives of Carl-Axel Moberg (Fig. 4:1) and Józef Kostrzewski (Fig. 4:2). Finds of the Sadłowo-type pins are scattered on the edges of the range of occurrence of bimetallic pins with conical heads (Fig. 5). The pins differ in secondary features. The specimens from Sadłowo and Krusze-Osiek have smaller heads with distinct tops. The heads of the pins from Nowe Borówko and Kalisz-Majków are larger, and their tops are not expanded; they also have clearer grooves on lateral surfaces. The differences may indicate that the pins were manufactured in workshops of two different groups of the Pomeranian Culture population. Based on the examination of contexts of the finds and stylistic analysis, the pin from Nowe Borówko should be considered the oldest example of Sadłowo-type pins. It was discovered in a multi-urn grave, which also contained fragments of pins of the Mrowino type and fragments of pectoral rings, i.e., elements of objects typical of phase HaD. The remaining pins are probably younger – they were found at cemeteries from which pins characteristic of the Late Pre-Roman Period are also known41.49. The shape of the heads of Sadłowo-type pins, resembling tutuli, finds numerous analogies in dress fasteners from the Early Iron Age in Central Europe53.54.61.62. In particular, it applies to feet of brooches of Grabonóg-Grzmiąca64 and Wymysłowo-Wróblewo67.68 types from the early LTA phase, characteristic of the Pomeranian Culture. Knobs of similar shape can also be found on a brooch with cross-shaped bow from Konin69 and a pin from Janowiec Wielkopolski66, dated to the end of phase HaD and the beginning of the Late Pre-Roman Period. Ultimately, it can be assumed that the Sadłowo-type pins from Nowe Borówko and Kalisz-Majków date to the transition between phases HaD and LTA, while pins from Sadłowo and Krusze-Osiek date to LTA. Sadłowo-type pins belong to a group of original dress fasteners, which appeared in the areas covered by the expansion of the Pomeranian culture people at the end of phase HaD. It can be explained by a strong desire of this group to emphasise their distinctiveness. Similar phenomenon is known from the Jastorf culture, characterised by the same ‘migratory’ cultural model.
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Grodzisk Mazowiecki, stan. X – cmentarzysko kultury grobów kloszowych i kultury przeworskiej

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Kaczyński B., Woźniak M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2020
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vol. LXXI
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issue 71
289-318
EN
Site X, located in the centre of present-day Grodzisk Mazowiecki, was discovered at the beginning of 1959 during construction works carried out in the area of a former Jewish cemetery (Fig. 1, 2). As a result of accidental discoveries and one-day rescue excavations, a total of nine ancient graves (1–5, 7–10) were registered. Another one (6), located in a secondary deposit, was discovered about 50 m to the east in 1988 during earthworks at one of the factory buildings (Fig. 2). Artefacts from the cemetery are currently stored in three institutions, i.e. the Grodzisk Mazowiecki Cultural Centre, the Museum of Ancient Mazovian Metallurgy in Pruszków and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. Due to the accidental nature of the discoveries, their only documentation are notes from archaeological interventions and entries on the artefact inventory cards drawn in 1959 (Fig. 4). The lack of sketches and field descriptions does not make it possible to reconstruct the location of the graves and significantly hinders analysis of the funeral rite. The long-term storage of the unstudied material negatively affected its condition – some of the artefacts and documents were lost. This study covers those artefacts that could be identified and combined into grave assemblages. The phase of use of the cemetery in the Early Iron Age is represented by six features: two cloche graves (Fig. 7, 10), three cloche or urn graves (Fig. 5, 6, 8) and one urn grave (Fig. 9). In most cases, the graves contained only pottery. Among the remains of at least 22 vessels, 18 could be typologically identified per the classification of T. Węgrzynowicz30, including ten pots (A1), representing four types and/or variants: I var. b (Fig. 10:2), III var. c (Fig. 7:2), III (Fig. 19:5), V var. c (Fig. 5:1, 6:2, 9:1, 10:1), V (Fig. 6:1, 8:2) VI var. c (Fig. 19:6). Seven bowls (B1) were classified as types: I var. c (Fig. 7:3, 8:4, 9:2, 10:3, 19:4), I var. d (Fig. 8:1), V var. c (Fig. 7:1). There was also one mug (B2) of type I var. b (Fig. 19:3). The vessels represent forms commonly found at Cloche Grave Culture cemeteries in Mazovia and Podlachia. The vessels with quite rare stamped impressions with a marked centre, made with a straw (Fig. 20), stand out in terms of ornamentation. Decoration on the urn from grave 6, made with polygonal stamps with a marked centre (Fig. 10:2), is completely unique. It was presumably made with lignified stems of field plants. Non-ceramic artefacts: bronze lumps, bronze wire and a fragment of a corroded iron sheet (Fig. 7:4.5), originally probably small items of adornment or tools, were only recorded in three graves (3, 5, 6). Skeletal remains were only preserved in three graves. Anthropological analysis showed that the bones of an adult man were interred in grave 2, of a seven-year-old child and an adult in grave 3, and of an adult woman (?) in ‘grave’ 6. The cloche graves cemetery at site X in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is located in the eastern part of the Łowicz-Błonie Plain – an area distinguished by intense settlement of the Pomeranian Cloche Grave circle45. Features of the pottery indicate that the cemetery functioned mainly in phase Ib after M. Andrzejowska53, i.e. approximately at the end of Ha D – the beginning of the so-called older Pre-Roman Period. Four graves are associated with the use of the cemetery in the Roman Period – most likely one pit (grave 7) and three urn burials, including one (grave 9) in which the cinerary urn was covered with another vessel (Fig. 13). The remains of a woman were deposited in grave 8; bones from other graves were not preserved or could not be identified. Grave-goods consisted of 24 non-ceramic objects, including: a bronze brooch (Fig. 13:3), probably a strongly profiled one of the Mazovian variety55; two iron buckles (Fig. 14:3.4.4a), including type D1 after R. Madyda-Legutko57; a bronze strap-end (Fig. 13:4), similar to type 1/6 of group I after R. Madyda-Legutko64; a rectangular bronze belt fitting (Fig. 19:1); remains of an iron razor (Fig. 15:6); three straight iron knives (Fig. 15:3–5); a one-piece antler comb, type Thomas AI68 (Fig. 12:1); (Fig. 12:2); a sandstone whetstone (Fig. 14:5); a double-edged iron sword (Fig. 18:1.1a) of the Canterbury-Kopki72 type or the Canterbury-Mainz variant of the Lauriacum-Hromówka73 type; two iron shield bosses and a bronze shield fitting (lost); four spearheads of types: L/2 (Fig. 18:6.6a), V/2 (Fig. 18:3), II/2 (Fig. 18:2) and XIII (Fig. 18:7) after P. Kaczanowski85–87; aa bow-shaped spur (Fig. 18:5) of type C1b after J. Ginalski95; a chair-shaped spur (Fig. 18:4.4a), similar to type IIc after E. Roman97; remains of a bronze bucket with iron handle of the Östland/Eggers 39–40107 type (Fig. 15:1.2, 16, 17). Of the six clay vessels, five can be typologically identified; they belong to types I/2 (Fig. 14:1), II/1 (Fig. 11:1, 14:2), III (Fig. 13:2) and V (Fig. 12:1) in the classification of T. Liana113. The richest burial at the cemetery, as well as in the area between the Bzura, the Rawka and the Vistula, is grave 10 (Fig. 14–18). It is distinguished by an imported bronze vessel and an exceptionally large number of elements of weaponry (two bosses, four spearheads), testifying to the above-average social position of the deceased. A. Niewęgłowski134 suggested that two warriors were buried in the grave; however, the thesis cannot be verified due to the inability to identify burned bones from this feature. Although isolated graves with larger than standard weaponry sets, including ones containing two shield bosses or several spearheads, are known from Przeworsk Culture cemeteries, they are not frequent. Östland-type vessels are among the Roman bronze vessels most frequently encountered in barbarian Europe. In western Mazovia, imported bronze vessels are relatively rare. The burials from the Przeworsk Culture cemetery are from the Early Roman Period. Grave 10 is dated to stage B2a, grave 9 to phases B2b–B2/C1, grave 8 to phases B2b–C1a, and grave 7 only broadly to phases B1–B2. The cemetery is located within a dense, west-Masovian cluster of Przeworsk Culture settlement, which also included an iron metallurgy centre142. The cemetery at site X in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is one of the many Masovian necropoles used by the population of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk Cultures152. Even though the mutual chronological relations of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk assemblages exclude a hypothesis about continuous use of the cemetery by the population of both cultures, it should be remembered that the site has only been partially explored. Unfortunately, the area of the cemetery is currently heavily urbanised and partly overlaps with a former Jewish cemetery, where excavations are forbidden (Fig. 3). This prevents any archaeological research, and thus possible determination of the original range of the cemetery and examination of its structure.
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Halsztackie ozdoby brązowe z Warszawy-Wilanowa

80%
Andrzejowska M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2020
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vol. LXXI
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issue 71
217-237
EN
Three impressive bronze ornaments were discovered by accident in 2015 in Wilanów – a district of Warsaw situated in the area of the western terrace of the Vistula River, running along the foot of the Warsaw Escarpment. The place where the hoard was found lies on periodically inundated terrain, formerly used for agriculture and currently intended for housing and road development (Fig. 1). The find consists of two massive anklets formed of round bronze rods and a multi-spiral bracelet made from a metal ribbon with a triangular cross-section (Fig. 2). The anklets, preserved in very good condition, were recovered from a small hole in a compact lump of earth (Fig. 3). Next to it were fragments of a heavily corroded spiral, preserved in three parts. The rods of the anklets, with a maximum thickness of 1.7 cm and terminals hammered into circular, slightly convex discs, were bent in opposite directions into 1⅔ and 13⁄₅ coils. The external diameters of these ornaments measure 13 and 13.3 cm – items of this size are identified as anklets (Fig. 4, 5). The bracelet, coiled from a 1.1-cm wide ribbon with wire-like terminals, originally consisted of 13 coils of approx. 8 cm in diameter (Fig. 6A, 6B). An almost twin ornament, consisting of groups of transverse grooves and figures resembling hatched triangles, is visible along the entire length of the rods of both anklets (Fig. 4:c, 5:c). The three outermost spirals on both sides of the bracelet are decorated with repetitive motifs of inserted angles, ‘herringbone’ and ‘hourglasses’ composed of hatched trapezoids (Fig. 6B:d). Ornaments were stamped on the cast rods of the anklets and on the prepared bracelet ribbon, hammered on a matrix, before they were coiled (Fig. 7–9). To maintain the planned rhythm of repeating decorations, the arrangement of leading motifs was first marked (Fig. 10). In an effort to maintain the same sequence of motifs and the symmetry of the ornamentation on individual coils of the anklets, the central, individually visible sections of the rods were covered with a double band of parallel decorations. Patterns on the terminal sections were drawn in single lines and visually doubled by overlapping the ends of the rods. The anklets discovered in the Wilanów field represent the Stanomin type of anklets, which fall into the category of ‘Kuyavian ornaments’ – objects attributed to the bronze metallurgical centre of the Lusatian Culture, functioning in Kuyavia in the younger phase of the Hallstatt Period (HaD). The Stanomin type also includes numerous examples of ankle-rings regarded as imitations of decorations from the eponymous hoard, creating local varieties of varying range. According to the recently proposed typological division of Stanomin anklets, the Wilanów specimens should be classified as the classic form of their Mazovian version. Both the form and type and arrangement of ornamental motifs are characteristic of decorations noted in great numbers in eastern Mazovia and Podlachia. The spiral bracelet also belongs to the category of artefacts commonly found in assemblages containing ‘Kuyavian’ ornaments. However, the much larger number of coils, the cross-section of the ribbon, the wire-like terminals and the particular ornament differ from Stanomin-type bracelets. The features of the Wilanów bracelet are characteristic of specimens (including objects completely devoid of decorations) registered in the same areas and in the same assemblages as the Stanomin anklets of the Mazovian version (Fig. 11, 12). Dissemination of the specific style of decoration of Hallstatt bronze ornaments from Mazovia and Podlachia may be related to the appearance on the Vistula route, running from south-eastern Europe towards Kuyavia, of pottery decorated in a similar style, characteristic of Moldova and western Ukraine from the end of the 8th and first half of the 7th century BCE. The chronology of some assemblages containing ‘Kuyavian ornaments’, older than previously assumed, may be also determined by their co-occurrence with binocular brooches of the Strzebielinko and Krásna Hôrka type, which, according to the latest findings, should be dated no later than 7th century BCE (HaC–HaD1). The spread of stylistically consistent anklets and spiral bracelets, to which Wilanów ornaments are most closely related (Fig. 13), indicates the existence of a workshop or workshops in the area of eastern Mazovia and/or Podlachia, manufacturing objects of fairly uniform characteristics. However, it can also be assumed that there were centres located outside this area, creating and distributing items decorated in the style accepted or even desired by recipients residing in the above-mentioned territory. The multi-element hoards from Kisielsk, Łuków County, and Podbiel, Otwock County, undoubtedly testify to the far-reaching contacts of the local population. Chemical analysis of the objects from the Wilanów hoard (Table 1) shows that the metal for both anklets was smelted from copper ore from one deposit, while the bracelet was made of different components – perhaps also in another workshop. Similar conclusions apply, for example, to elements of the hoard from Zagórze, Wadowice County. Said assemblage contains items showing connections not only to the Kuyavian centre but also to the region of the Western Carpathians (Krásna Hôrka in Slovakia) from where finished products or patterns for local manufacture flowed into neighbouring areas and beyond (vide long bracelets from Gośniewice, Grójec County, formed of a ribbon with triangular section and with twisted wire-like terminals). A reliable assessment of the phenomenon, with its local specificity and broad territorial and cultural connections, is hindered by the lack of traces of production and the scarcity of comparable metallurgical analyses of the artefacts described. Another issue is the poor state of knowledge on the settlement of the population participating in the processes of manufacture, acquisition or exchange, transfer and storage, and offering or hiding of valuable goods.
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Brązy ze Słupi – historia niedokończona

71%
Andrzejowska M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2017
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vol. LXVIII
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issue 68
119-145
EN
The State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (PMA) has in its collections two striking Hallstatt bronze pieces (Fig. 1) recorded as “presumably from Słupia Nowa, Kielce County (PMA/III/5701). They had been purchased for the Museum in 1928 from G. Soubise-Bisier (1849–1937), Warsaw antiquarian, with an information that they came “from Słupia, from Wilczewski’s collection – presumably Leonard Tallen-Wilczewski (1857–1933 or 1935), a Warsaw lawyer. The Archaeological Museum in Cracow (MAK) has in its keeping a group of bronzes which in the inventory registers and catalogue are provenanced to Słupia Nowa vel Nowa Słupia (MAK/7653). Listed under one number are three objects which correspond chronologically and typologically to the pieces now in Warsaw, and two other artefacts whose association with the same assemblage raises some reservation. All of them used to be part of the collection of Bolesław Podczaszyński (1822–1876), a Warsaw architect, archaeologist and collector of antiquities whose holdings were sold in 1880 from his heirs to the Academy of Learning in Cracow. Both groups (the Warsaw and the Cracow one) were published as finds from Słupia Nowa, County Kielce, vel Sandomierz Region, by J. Kostrzewski (1964, p. 66, 67–68, fig. 87) in an article in which he presented and discussed Bronze Age and Early Iron Age metal finds from the middle and southern area of the Warta and the Vistula drainages. Basing on differences in their appearance (type of patina) Kostrzewski concluded that the bronzes originally belonged to two group finds (hoards). Hoard I supposedly included the two pieces now in Warsaw and two from the Cracow group, with a ‘water’ patina (Fig. 2:2.4–6), while Hoard II included the three other Cracow specimens with a green patina (Fig. 2:1). Moreover, Kostrzewski concluded that Hoard I included two almost identical spiral bracelets, one of which is at present in the Cracow, the other in Warsaw. The present paper proposes to revisit the attribution of the bronzes of interest into two ‘hoards’, basing on the criteria adopted by J. Kostrzewski to see if it is fully corroborated by the history of this whole set, of which the composition in any case also raises doubts, hindering the analysis and interpretation of these finds. Additionally, analysis is made of the reasons for various shortcomings in the way the pieces were presented in the publication of Kostrzewski, with serious consequences for their attribution. Answers to some of the questions raised, particularly those concerning the circumstances of discovery of the artefacts, and their acquisition and recording in a succession of collections (private ones at first, then public), were found in the now widely accessible archival resources of the museums in Cracow and Warsaw, as well as in the works of archaeological and historical literature from the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Especially helpful were exhibition catalogues of antiquities and reports published in contemporary daily press and periodicals. Invaluable insight was furnished when our knowledge of the discussed bronzes was compared against the archival record in the legacy of B. Podczaszyński, now in the Museum in Cracow, and inventories of the Museum of Archaeology attached to the Academy of Learning (since 1919, Polish Academy of Learning). What our analysis established is that the group addressed by J. Kostrzewski in his publication included three Hallstatt bronzes, definitely previously owned by B. Podczaszyński, and earlier still, by the amateur finder Józef Bałandowicz of Radom: an ankle-ring folded from a thick bronze bar (type Stanomin), a heavy, twisted neckring with loop terminals, a spiral ribbon bracelet which in 1852 passed F. M. Sobieszczański (1814–1878), a Warsaw historian and journalist (Fig. 2:1–3). Podczaszyński is named as owner of these pieces as early as 1856 at the time of their display at the first great exhibition of antiquities and artwork held in Warsaw. They were published in the exhibition catalogue and discussed in texts dedicated to it. Podczaszyński recorded (Fig. 5, 6) that they had been discovered in Sandomierz (the bracelet) and at Słupia Nowa (the others). In the exhibition catalogue the site of the discovery Podczaszyński described very generally as Sandomierz Region. This shows that he was not certain as to the location of discovery of these bronzes. After B. Podczaszyński’s death in 1876, but before the sale to the Academy of Learning, his collection were put into order. Index cards with descriptions of individual pieces were made out and numbered, which duplicated or supplemented notes made out by Podczaszyński – “neckring, “armlet (spiral bracelet) and “ring (ankle-ring), i.e. pieces known from the Warsaw exhibition, were assigned numbers 71, 74 and 124 (Fig. 6). The value of the collection was estimated, complete with extensive and general lists of the pieces and their valuation. However, as a result of errors made when identifying the artefacts and when recording the contents of the collection, upon its entry to the museum of the Academy of Learning the set of artefacts named earlier was augmented by three objects of unknown provenance, namely: a plain rod bracelet, belonging earlier to Tadeusz Zieliński, a collector from Kielce, and two fragments of obliquely grooved early medieval Balt neckrings with angular terminals (Fig. 3), presumably from the ‘Livonian’ part of Podczaszyński’s collection. In an inventory book completed around 1890 by G. Ossowski, the whole group is described as stray finds “from Słupianowa. J. Kostrzewski, on his visit to Cracow presumably in the 1920s, personally recorded the archaeological objects placed in one assemblage by Ossowski. However, Kostrzewski had had no access to Podczaszyński’s archival papers or to early inventory books or some nineteenth century publications. This led him to describe and sketch in his card file all the recorded objects as a group of ornaments from “Słupia Nowa (Fig. 4). In his 1964 publication he had been drawing on his notes and on the photographs of most artefacts made available to him, but the latter were not explicit enough. In the numbered card file of Podczaszyński’s collection there are two more index cards, marked with numbers 237 and 238, on which were recorded two other pieces found “in the village of Słupia Nowa in the proximity of Kielce (Fig. 7). But at present they (“arm ring and “coil) are not to be found in the collection of the Cracow museum. The analysis of the archival documentation related to Podczaszyński’s collections and evidence furnished by e.g., the catalogue of artefacts exhibited in 1876 at Pest during an international congress of anthropology and archaeology suggests that these are the same as the two pieces now found in Warsaw. The bronzes from Podczaszyński’s collection, presumably also acquired from Bałandowicz, disappeared in unknown circumstances, presumably after his death, and before the sale of the collection to Cracow. It is likely that they were purchased by an unknown amateur antiquarian of Warsaw when after Podczaszyński’s death, Teodor Ziemięcki (1845–1919), a member of the Academy of Learning, proposed to purchase the pieces from his collection and present them to public institutions in Warsaw in a noble attempt to prevent the scattering of this valuable collection. The predecessor of Wilczewski and Soubise-Bisier, previous owner of bronzes now in the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, remains unknown. It is certain only that these artefacts entered that museum only half a century later. J. Kostrzewski (Fig. 8) presumably examined and sketched them in the 1930s, when they were part of the permanent display of the State Archaeological Museum. After the war, until the time of their publication, he had had no access to them; after the wartime misadventures of the collection of the Warsaw museum the bronzes “from Słupia were identified and catalogued only in the early 1970s. This would explain their incomplete description and poor quality illustrations in Kostrzewski’s publication which do not convey the actual appearance of these objects. It may be concluded therefore that out of the objects which J. Kostrzewski had published as two hoards from Słupia Nowa five are pieces from the collection of B. Podczaszyński, discovered most likely near today’s Nowa Słupia, in Kielce County (Fig. 2:1–3.5.6). There is no sufficient basis to attribute them to one, possibly to two assemblages (hoards). Nevertheless, the current appearance of the spiral bracelet held by the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (gold-brown, but with some green patina residue) and the information handed down by Podczaszyński about the original appearance of the bracelet now in the Archaeological Museum in Cracow (reportedly covered by a patina) suggest that these two almost identical ornaments could indeed have been discovered together. It is also feasible that they could have formed a set (a single find) with the other objects now in the Cracow museum, covered with a noble patina: the neckring and the ankle-ring, decorated similarly as the bracelets, with designs typical for metalwork provenaced to the workshops in the Kujawy Region. Outstanding in this group is the ankle-ring now in the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw with a residue of a ‘water’ patina (which was almost fully removed during conservation), and equally importantly, a decoration characteristic for ankle rings type Stanomin, Mazowsze variant, not encountered so far in the area of Kielce and Sandomierz.
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