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FEMINISATION OF POVERTY AND THE BURDEN OF THE OLDER WOMAN: BALANCING WORK AND FAMILY IN PRE-RETIREMENT LIFE AND THE ACCUMULATED DISADVANTAGE FOR OLDER WOMEN IN ALBANIA

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Dhembo E.
Studia Humanistyczne AGH
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2014
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vol. 13
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issue 4
EN
The number one goal of the United Nations on the millennium development agenda is the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. But poverty, as other problems, reveals more when examined from a multi-dimensional and dynamic perspective, and gender-sensitive lenses can make a major contribution. The “feminisation of poverty” (ranging from a higher incidence of women among the poor to poverty in terms of a lack of or limited choices) has been documented by research throughout the world as a result of the interaction of three main factors: the introduction of gender elements in the research and literature on poverty; the high incidence of specific groups of women under the poverty line; and the mismatch between women’s life cycles and policies in place. This paper provides additional evidence on the “feminisation of poverty” by looking at the case of Albania as representative of an under-researched category of countries emerging as new democracies in the 1990s. The argument put forward is that the intersectionality of gender and age results in a larger burden of poverty among older women. To support the argument, the paper goes beyond the limited official poverty statistics in Albania by looking at the economic activity of women and men, analysing the work-family reconciliation policy framework in Albania, and providing evidence of the work-family tension based on secondary data analysis. It is found that combining work and family life in the pre-retirement period in Albania presents more disadvantages for women than for men, leading to the  “feminisation of poverty” in the post-retirement stages in life. This is then fuelling a new trend for unemployed women and retired women to work as informal caregivers, filling the deficiency in care for the eldest and youngest people in their own families or in the families of wealthier women. The policy logic and respective provisions in Albania, at best, are not discouraging the phenomenon.
2
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Transformacja starszych kobiet pod wpływem oddziaływań edukacyjnych uniwersytetu trzeciego wieku - studium przypadku

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Maćkowicz J., Wnęk-Gozdek J.
e-mentor
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2016
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issue 2 (64)
45-55
EN
In the face of progressing ageing of the society, activation of older people and implementation of the lifelong learning idea is of a special importance. Among a number educational offers, a significant role is played by the universities of the third age (UTA), which activate seniors and help them socialize, thus improving the quality of their life in old age. This article presents the results of a qualitative study on the transformation of self-perception of older women and their functioning under the influence of educational activity at the university of the third age. The goal of the study was to identify the process of changes in self-perception and perception of one's old age under the influence of activity related to the participation in the UTA. The studies employed case study with in-depth interview (IDI). The results are presented from two points of view - one of an expert - Dean and lecturer at the UTA over the course of two years, and one of older women participating in UTA classes. The analyses show that the participation of female seniors in this form of education influenced on changes in both the perception of the process of one's ageing and the way of functioning, and also significantly improved the quality of their life in various aspects. Increased participation of seniors in various forms of education, as well as development of an educational offer meeting the needs and capabilities of senior males are challenges for further activities in the area of geragogy.
3
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Later-life learning and older women learners: a feminist commentary

100%
Formosa M.
Gender a výzkum / Gender and Research
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2021
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vol. 22
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issue 1
178-200
EN
Later-life learning continues to remain well under the radar as far as feminist theorising and empirical research are concerned. This exclusion is surprising considering that older women make up the majority of learners in later-life learning programmes. This essay has three objectives: to present the available knowledge on older women and learning given that this information remains undocumented; to apply a feminist critique to the mainstream literature on older adult learning, with a special reference to the University of the Third Age (U3A) and Women’s Institutes (WI); and to promote an understanding of the similarities and diversities of older women by highlighting the significance of socially diverse factors such as class, ethnicity, and age in shaping their learning experiences or lack thereof. In an ageing society, organisations such as U3As and WIs have the potential to improve the quality of life of older women and the overall community in which they live. However, their role in enabling older women to attain some level of critical consciousness by leading them to reflect on everyday realities and analyse the relationships between personal contexts and the wider social forces of marginalisation was found to be marginal at best.
4
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Rola wyglądu i znaczenie atrakcyjności w życiu starszych kobiet

45%
Czernecka J.
Dyskursy Młodych Andragogów / Adult Education Discourses
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2018
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vol. 19
327-338
PL
Współczesna kultura nadal silnie propaguje kult młodości i atrakcyjności ciała, jako atuty, które pozwalają osiągnąć w tym świecie szeroko definiowany sukces – zawodowy, towarzyski, osobisty. Szczególnie w przypadku kobiet ma to istotne znaczenie, ponieważ one tradycyjnie kojarzone są bardziej z cielesnością, ze swoim wyglądem i silniej się z nim identyfikują przez całe życie niż mężczyźni. Celem artykułu jest przyjrzenie się znaczeniu, jakie starsze kobiety przypisują wyglądowi – jak definiują atrakcyjność, w jaki sposób oceniają same siebie w tym względzie, czy dostrzegają sytuacje w swoim życiu, w których wygląd odegrał istotną rolę. Tekst powstał na podstawie wyników badań prowadzonych w ramach projektu „Kulturowe koncepcje płci i wieku, a postawy kobiet i mężczyzn wobec swego zdrowia i wyglądu” finansowanych przez Narodowe Centrum Nauki. Badania realizowano strategią jakościową, techniką wywiadów swobodnych (15) i zogniskowanych wywiadów grupowych (2) z kobietami w wieku powyżej 63 lat. W analizie danych zastosowano perspektywę gender aged. Na podstawie badań ustalono, że starsze kobiety internalizują negatywny obraz starości jako tej nieatrakcyjnej, nieprzynoszącej żadnych profitów. Jednak częściej daje się zauważyć akceptację zachodzących zmian w ciele jako czegoś, co dotyczy wszystkich i jest procesem nieuchronnym. Nadal też postrzegają atrakcyjny, zadbany wygląd jako rodzaj kapitału, dzięki któremu kobieta niezależnie od swojego wieku może osiągać różne cele w wielu obszarach życia.
EN
Contemporary culture continues to strongly promote the cult of youth and attractiveness of the body which allows to achieve success in this world – professional, social, personal. This is particularly important in the case of women, because they are traditionally associated more with their appearance and identify with it more strongly throughout their lives than men. The aim of the article is to look at the importance older women attach to appearance – how they define attractiveness, how they judge themselves in this respect, whether they recognize situations in their lives in which appearance has played an important role. The text is based on the results of research conducted within the project “Cultural concepts of gender and age, and attitudes of women and men towards their health and appearance” financed by the National Science Centre. The research was carried out using a qualitative strategy, a technique of free interviews (15) and focused group interviews (2) with women over 63 years of age. The analysis of data is based on the gender aged perspective. Research has shown that older women internalize the negative image of old age as unattractive and unprofitable. However, one can more often notice the acceptance of changes occurring in the body as something that concerns everyone and is an inevitable process. They also still perceive an attractive, well-kept look as a kind of capital, thanks to which a woman, regardless of her age, can achieve various goals in many areas of life.
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