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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZED CRIME AND INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM

100%
Czop A., Czop P.
Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje
|
2016
|
vol. 24(24)
74-91
EN
Authors described the most important and influential major crimes organisations that are active worldwide. They’ve presented their genesis, structure, set of rules and traditions.. Authors identified as well areas of activities and main treats caused by the influence of organised crimes on economy both internal and international. Authors also focused their attention on reasons for social pahtologies in organised crimes, it’s dynamics and diversity. Writers have referred to the hypothesis, that they are very close ties between treats generated by organised crimes and terrorist groups. Critical analysis of literature conducted by the Authors leads to the point that there is a direct connection between groups that are committing crimes and groups perpetrating terrorist attacks. Authors analysed differences and similarities between terrorist and organised crime groups. They’ve proven as well that there is in fact cooperation between those two groups, pointing that sometimes they are even the same. Final conclusion of the article is that terrorist groups and organised crimes groups are transnational and leads to the point that fighting them has to be transnational as well. Fighting both of this groups cannot have any borders or limits unless it’s treating human rights.
2

Cross-border Cooperation in Counteracting the Threat of Terrorism in the Aspect of Euro 2012

100%
Bąk T.
Internal Security
|
2012
|
vol. 4(2)
99-116
EN
Article attempts to present cross-border cooperation between the Polish and Ukraine in the field of safety in respect of the European Football Championship EURO 2012 organized by both countries. The author presents risks from the geopolitical considerations of Poland as well as a detailed description of one of them, which is modern terrorism. Events of recent years have shown that the modern terrorist strategy focuses on sports and mass events. Taking into account the fact that EURO 2012 was one of Europe's biggest sports events one should consider the risk of terrorist threats to be higher at that time. These factors provide a basis to present a number of institutions that counteract terrorism and detect the culprits. The Author has also characterized the relationship between members of terrorist groups and transnational organized crime. The article includes descriptions of the Polish-Ukrainian cooperation in order to ensure the highest standards of safety during the matches and accompanying events. The Author also identifies the areas of cooperation between the host - countries, including: security in cross - border traffic and international transport as well as common anti-terrorist exercises of Polish and Ukrainian services. In conclusion, the Author puts forward the argument that the good preparation of organizing countries for EURO 2012 helped avoid the risk associated with terrorism or any negative phenomena, which may disturb the peace of this event.
3

Prevention of Money Laundering in the Fight Against Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Migrants

100%
Kluczyński M.
Internal Security
|
2013
|
vol. 5(2)
83-96
EN
The article presents the importance of financial investigations carried out by specialized units to combat money laundering and the detection of illegal profits of trafficking in human beings and smuggling of migrants in order to reduce them. The author presents the EU legal arrangements in the field of anti-trafficking and migrant smuggling policies based on the relevant United Nations’ Convention, and describes the problem of money laundering in the context of these criminal practices. The key measuresto increase the cost and risk and to reduce the profits of human trafficking and smuggling of migrants should be the involvement of financial intelligence units in preventing and combating these criminal practices. The key component of effective prevention and combating trafficking in human beings and smuggling of migrants, in accordance with the recommendations contained in the EU Strategy for the elimination of trafficking in human beings for the years 2012–2016, should be police cooperation with financial intelligence units — both at national and international level. This cooperation should be based on the creation of joint multi-disciplinary investigation teams. At the same time this cooperation should enable data collection and the exchange of information needed to analyse these criminal practices. The involvement of skilled financial investigators in joint investigation teams will contribute to the effective prosecution of human trafficking and illegal migration and the accompanying practices such as corruption and money laundering. The culmination of this type of investigation should be the detection, seizure and confiscation of assets derived from criminal activity.
4

Facilitated Irregular Migration Towards Scandinavia, Central and Western Europe via Estonia in the Period of 2008–2013

100%
Pullat R.
Internal Security
|
2014
|
vol. 6(2)
29-38
EN
Facilitated illegal immigration is driven, to a large degree, by factors external to the EU and is not expected to decreasein the near future. The EU will remain an attractive destination for irregular migrants providing organised crime with a large poolof potential clients. Russia and Estonia are located on the Eastern transit route for irregular migration to Scandinavia and Centraland Western Europe. While in the period 2008–2009 the main modus operandi for irregular migration into Estonia was illegalborder crossings outside the official border crossing points and use of falsified or forged travel documents, since 2010 the abuseof legal visa system has increased. The forgery of identity and visa documents is an important tool used by organised crime in thisarea of crime. In 2013 approximately 62% of all irregular migration incidents detected by the border guard at all borders was relatedto misuse of the visa system, followed by incidents of illegal stay and illegal border crossing of the green border. The pressure onEstonian external land borders as well air borders will remain moderate. According to the typology of organised crime constellationsby Klaus von Lampe, facilitated irregular migration pertains either to criminal networks which rely on the social support structuresof an ethnic minority separate from society and its institutions, and those support structures are broader than their immediatecriminal environment, or the criminal networks that exist in mainstream society in a covert form that include seemingly law‑abidingindividuals who have no obstacles in the use of the legitimate social infrastructure. Vietnamese irregular migration is tightlyintertwined with transnational organised crime.
5

Prevention of Money Laundering in the Fight Against Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Migrants

100%
Kluczyński M.
Internal Security
|
2013
|
vol. 5(2)
83-96
6
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ORGANISED CRIME AND PROSTITUTION: ‘DUBAI-ING’ AS A NEW CONCEPT OF HUNGARIAN PROSTITUTION

88%
KOVÁCS I.
Przegląd Policyjny
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2019
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vol. 136(4)
94-108
EN
The study deals with a brief history of organised crime in Hungary in the past and today. One of the biggest sources of revenue for organised crime is prostitution. Hundreds of victims are reported daily. In addition to this, a new strategic approach has emerged, linked to the upward management of organised crime. Prostitutes volunteer for work, the organised groups do not use violence, and illicit earnings are distributed among themselves on the basis of work done. The girls are transferred to rich countries where rich people can enjoy their services through a built-in agency system. Many girls are referred to Dubai, where the new form of Hungarian prostitution is thriving: the ‘dubai-ing’ phenomenon. The study presents, through a case study, the phenomenon of ‘dubai-ing’, and the activities of organised criminal groups. The method used is critical source analysis, basic historical research, as well as case and judgement/verdict analysis. This is not a classic analysis, but a criminal analysis of specifi c cases. The strategic aim is to collect data which can show the new profi le of organised crime in the 21st century.
7

Rules and scope of applying means of witnesses and victims protection and assistance according to the victims and witnesses protection and assistance bill

88%
Żylińska J.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2015
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vol. 38
93-102
EN
Combating crime using conventional methods is not always sufficient. Witnesses concerned about their life, health, or other goods do not always want to testify. Therefore, it is very important to ensure the sense of safety and mental comfort while they fulfil the role of a witness. Unfortunately, there are still no comprehensive solutions concerning the means and manner of support which would be regulated within the framework of a legal act aimed at protecting the witness and victim in a situation of risk derived from the provision of testimony charging the offender. Under these circumstances, the fact that on 15th July 2014, at its meeting, the Council of Ministers adopted a draft Act on protection and aid to victims and witnesses whose purpose is to establish comprehensive legal regulations concerning the victims and witnesses whose life and health may be at risk, should be regarded as a positive phenomenon. The subject of this paper is an analysis of the regulations contained in the said Act. The paper focuses on the presentation and evaluation of the means ensuring protection and help which may be applied in the situation of risk to life and health of the witness and the victim. It also discusses the premises and manner for granting the aid as envisaged in the newly drafted act.
8
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From visible pasts to an invisible presence: new criminological reality after planetary cyber attack 12/05/17 Wannacry

88%
Zherestov P.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
|
2018
|
vol. 2
55-67
EN
The fourth industrial revolution is transforming crime and fight against it, causing fundamental consequences for research in the field of criminal law. Under the conditions of the second decade of the 21st century, the terms ‘Internet’, ‘information and telecommunications network’, ‘electronic network’, ‘communications facility’, ‘mobile communications’ are no longer an IT specialist dictionary, in the meantime they affect the doctrine of criminal repression and integrate into a scientific turnover of specialists in the field of criminal law and criminology. Transformation of crime has caused serious gaps, both in the theory of criminal law and in criminal procedural and criminal executive law inextricably bound with it. The emergence and exponential development of the Internet, electronic communications, control and tracking systems and many other technical achievements create for researchers three types of problems that need to be discussed and resolved. First, the problem of national sovereignty in criminal matters (the operation of criminal law in space) and jurisdiction, which are in contradiction in the boundless cyberspace. Secondly, the prognostic problem, which urges not only to forecast the influence of modern technologies on substantive criminal law, criminal procedure, execution of criminal punishment, but also to anticipate the general impact of technology on Russian society and the way of life of its members. Thirdly, the problem of expenses resulting from the introduction of high-tech crime prevention measures, the cost of which is constantly growing. The interdependence of these problems should form the basis of criminal law research in the era of augmented reality under the conditions of exponential growth of cyber threats directed at citizens, businesses and governments
9

Similarities and Differences Between Organized Crime and Terrorism

88%
Zubrzycki W.
Internal Security
|
2015
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vol. 7(2)
53-70
EN
Terrorism is one of the greatest threats to the modern world, not only in respect of internal security of individualstates but also at an international level. However, for many years there has been an escalation of another, equally dangerousphenomenon — that of organized crime. This has been due to many factors, including the collapse of the so-called “Easternbloc”, and the financial and social globalisation of the economy. Both threats are a manifestation of a particular kind of groupcrime, although with distinctly different characters. The distinguishing elements are the ideological basis underlying the conductof their activities as well as the aims which their members seek to achieve. The aims of terrorist organisations are of a political,ideological or religious nature. For them money plays an indirect role, it is not an end in itself but a necessity to serve the higherpurpose. Organised crime groups carry out their activities exclusively in order to achieve financial gain. Despite these distinct aims,which differ between the organised criminal group and the terrorist organisation, the two categories employ acts of violenceand terror, causing a sense of anxiety amongst individuals or social groups. There are also areas which give rise to their mutualco-operation, and the trend for there to be contact between the two forms of group crime is noticeable all over the world. Both typesof organisations gain mutual benefit from their experience, and organised crime may also be one way of raising funds for terroristactivities. In the field of preventing and combating both terrorism and organised crime, it should be noted that responsibility fallsto several services and institutions, most of which perform tasks in relation to both types of crime. This is also the case in respectof the legal basis for their actions. To a large extent the responsibility for both types of crimes under discussion are determined onthe basis of common legislation.
10
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The Bumpy Road of EULEX as an Exporter of Rule of Law in Kosovo

75%
Skara G.
Academicus. International Scientific Journal
|
2017
|
issue 16
69-87
EN
This paper analyses EULEX mission in Kosovo (hereafter EULEX) as an exporter of rule of law. From the deployment of the mission, two mainstream discourses have coined the effectiveness of EULEX establishing the rule of law in Kosovo. From the Brussels point of view, EULEX has marked a lot of progress in promoting the rule of law in Kosovo. On the other hand, based on international indexes and other secondary sources, EULEX has been harshly criticised to deliver its promises in strengthening the rule of law institutions, fighting organised crime, war crimes and reducing corruption. Beyond these discourses, the paper tries to explore whether, how and to what extent, EULEX has promoted rule of law in Kosovo. The paper argues that EULEX has failed to promote rule of law in Kosovo due to 1) the costs of adaptation or compliance as function of the misfit between EULEX institutional approach on rule of law and domestic conditions and 2) incapacity of Kosovo rule of law institutions to interact with EULEX in strengthening the rule of law as a result of political interference on judiciary and police sector.
11
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FORMS OF AND THE FIGHT AGAINST ORGANISED CRIME IN POLAND BEFORE 1990

75%
Mądrzejowski W.
Przegląd Policyjny
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2019
|
vol. 135(3)
97-112
EN
The phenomenon of organised crime in Poland is not, contrary to frequently expressed views, characteristic only of the situation that arose after 1990. Considering historical sources, one can refer to well-organised groups of criminals who committed crimes in medieval Poland. Criminal associations characterised by a certain hierarchy and structure threatened the safety of travellers, carried out attacks on villages and were a threat to urban residents. During the partitions, organised criminal structures occurred mainly in the Russian and Austrian partition. In judicial chronicles, there were perpetrators creating bandit groups and strong structures of pickpockets as well as those dealing with various types of economic fraud and extortion. The problem of organised crime intensifi ed after regaining independence in 1918. The inconsistency of the legal system and weak institutions of public order protection created great opportunities for both criminal offences and economic crimes. From the 1920s, large expenditures on the development of modern economic areas (Gdynia, the Central Industrial District) became a temptation for well-organised groups to take advantage of the situation for their own benefi t. Within the structures of law protection institutions, no specialised unit for fi ghting criminal groups was created until 1939. Central and local cells of the investigative service mainly dealt with organised gangs. After the Second World War, the shaping of the criminal environment was fi rst infl uenced by huge groups of inhabitants displaced from the former Polish eastern borderlands, the general expansion caused by military operations, and ineffective law enforcement agencies. Thus, initially, the most powerful organised groups were those of criminal character. The separation of the Polish economy from open markets and economic imbalance caused the emergence of various organised crime gangs committing economic crimes ranging from smuggling and illegal trade in foreign exchange to large criminal groups at the interface between the socialised and private economy. Within the militia, which was responsible for combatting criminal offences until 1990, no units specialised in the fi ght against organised crime did not come into their own. As part of their competence, the criminal investigation department, in particular, the fraud squad and investigative service, dealt with organised crime.
12
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Commentary on the Judgment of the Appellate Court in Wrocław of November 22, 2017 (II AKa 341/17)

75%
Michalska-Warias A.
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
|
2018
|
vol. 27
|
issue 2
EN
The commentary refers to the problem of the minimal time of participation in a criminal organised group. The author agrees with the Appellate Court in Wrocław that the lawmaker establishes no minimal period of such participation and – since the perpetrator needs not assume any specific activities in the organised structure – the time of his participation may indeed be quite short. It is stressed, however, that the minimal time of an offender’s participation should be distinguished from the minimal time of a group’s existence. The last one, though again no formal limits are set by the lawmaker, should in most cases, for evidence reasons, be longer. It is stressed that the existence of an organised criminal group ought not to be deduced from the fact that numerous offenders committed an offence together. The author approves the opinion expressed in the commented sentence that an organised criminal group may intend to commit only one offence.
PL
Glosa odnosi się do kwestii minimalnego czasu uczestnictwa w zorganizowanej grupie przestępczej. Autorka zgadza się z Sądem Apelacyjnym we Wrocławiu, że ustawodawca nie określił minimalnego czasu takiego udziału, a skoro sprawca nie musi podjąć żadnych szczególnych działań w zorganizowanej strukturze, czas jego udziału może rzeczywiście być nawet bardzo krótki. Zostaje jednak podkreślone, że czas minimalnego udziału sprawcy w grupie należy odróżnić od minimalnego czasu istnienia samej grupy. Ten ostatni, choć znowu ustawodawca nie wyznacza żadnych formalnych limitów, powinien w większości przypadków, choćby z powodów dowodowych, być dłuższy. Podkreślono też, że istnienia zorganizowanej grupy przestępczej nie można domniemywać na podstawie faktu, iż wielu sprawców popełniło dane przestępstwo wspólnie. Autorka aprobuje opinię wyrażoną w glosowanym orzeczeniu, że zorganizowana grupa przestępcza może mieć na celu popełnienie tylko jednego przestępstwa.
13

Organised Vehicle Theft Operations: Unravelling the Matrix

75%
Bila H., Roelfose C.
Internal Security
|
2016
|
vol. 8(2)
31-50
EN
Organised crime is receiving increasing attention from researchers around the world (Cf. Finckenhauer & Voronion, 2001; Gastrow, 2001; Grant; 2012; Williams, 2014; Doctorow, 20145; Bila, 2015). The many facets and focus areas of organised crime groups deal with a plethora of crimes and the operational and organisational aspects of this phenomenon. In this article the Authors focus on organised vehicle theft. The theoretical perspectives of systems theory are blended with encroachment theory to unravel the organisational matrix of a typical vehicle theft syndicate. Through the literature review the various components of such syndicates, focusing on exporting stolen vehicles, have been unravelled. In addition, the authors indicate how corruption and political connections in organised crime create matrix organisations.
14
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Cyberstalking: public danger, key factors and prevention

75%
Krasnova K., Kobets P.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
|
2018
|
vol. 2
43-53
EN
Cyberstalking has become a new form of crime and deviant behaviour. The authors research the problem of cyberstalking and intimidation via the Internet in details. These concepts are used interchangeably because all forms of stalking are threatening or have the purpose of distressing the victim (victim stress exhaustion). The authors tried to draw attention and show the interconnectcion between the social danger of cyberstalking and the violation of private life boundaries. The consequences of such interference can cause the significant harm to man interests, material harm; threaten the physical and mental health of a person. The authors in this article draw attention to the activities of people who use the Internet to threaten (intimidate) others. The phenomenon of cyberstalking constitutes one of the main aims of the analysis because it includes a rather large area of behavior performance (starting with the expression of threats to the theft of personal data). The main question of this research is simple: what makes an intelligent and law-abiding person in the offline world (outside the Internet), take part in anti-social or criminal activities online? The basic reason is the fact that the combination of technological and social factors encourages people to participate in crime or antisocial acts, such as incitement to violence against other people. The originality of the study is that the authors analyzed the public danger of cyberstalking and the consequences of privacy infringement by the negative impact on a person through the Internet. Authors highlight trends and developments, and give recommendations on how cyberstalking prevention matters can be improved.
15
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Organised Crime in the Slovak Republic

75%
Strémy T., Hangáčová N., Turay L.
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
|
2018
|
issue 2(23)
49-72
EN
The article deals with the problem of organised crime and trafficking in human beings. It also reflects the legislative changes which took place in the Slovak Republic regarding respective criminal offences in 2005. The paper consists of the research which have been made in the form of interviews with experts as well as questionnaires delivered by convicted offenders. Authors also looked closely at statistics which were obtained by submitting a request to the Slovak Interior Ministry and the Prosecutor-General’s Office. Information has been supplemented by analyses of cases brought before the court and elaboration of elements concerning respective criminal offences in Slovak criminal codices. Several impressive facts have been observed. Apart from the criminality structure it has been also revealed that the Slovak Republic is mainly a country of recruitment of victims and that the most common forms of exploitation in the Slovak Republic are sexual exploitation, forced labour, forced begging and forced marriage.
PL
W artykule opisano problem przestępczości zorganizowanej i handlu ludźmi oraz odniesiono się do dokonanych w Republice Słowackiej w 2005 r. zmian przepisów prawa dotyczących tych przestępstw. W ramach badań przeprowadzono rozmowy z ekspertami i uzyskano dane z kwestionariuszy wypełnianych przez skazanych przestępców. Autorzy bacznie przyjrzeli się także statystykom dostarczonym na wystosowaną prośbę przez Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych Słowacji i Biuro Prokuratora Generalnego. Informacje z badań zostały uzupełnione o analizy spraw rozpatrywanych przed sądem i szczegółowe omówienie zapisów słowackiego kodeksu karnego. W badaniach zaobserwowano kilka istotnych faktów – oprócz struktury przestępczości zorganizowanej pozwoliły one na wykazanie, że Republika Słowacka jest głównie krajem werbowania ofiar i że najczęściej występującymi formami wykorzystywania osób są: wyzysk seksualny, praca przymusowa, zmuszanie do żebrania i wymuszone małżeństwa.
16
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Handel ludźmi jako przestępstwo i naruszenie praw człowieka – wyzwania dla kryminologii

66%
Lasocik Z.
Archiwum Kryminologii
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2006
|
issue XXVIII
233-253
EN
Trafficking of human beings that constitutes a contemporary form of slavery is a human rights violation and a serious crime. Due to the importance of this crime, it is covered by several international instruments of a different legal nature. Among them, two are especially important: The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime and Council Framework Decision of l9 July 2002 on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings. There are two main features of human trafficking: these offences are transnational by nature and involve organised criminal groups. However, trafficking is considered transnational not only if it is committed in more than one state, but also if a substantial part of preparation or planning takes place in another state. There are numerous forms of crime human trafficking, such as the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery servitude or the removal of organs. It should be added that also child pornography is considered as human trafficking. As human trafficking is a complex phenomenon, there are also criminal activites which might be called ‘borderline’ such as forced marriages, marriage of  convenience, illegal adoption, sex tourism or forced domestic labour. Many of tchem are not even considered as crime. Human trafficking constitutes a serious challenge for criminology, as it becomes one of the most fruitful criminal activities. So far, it has not been a popular subject of studies and research. Although our knowledge of organised crime as such is growing significantly, the trafficking is a problem for crime control due to its nature, economic background, well-organised market of the services and the lack of knowledge and skills of the state institutions, and the ambivalence of the public.
17

Przestępczość zorganizowana w świetle polskiego prawodawstwa

63%
Łabuz P.
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej
|
2014
|
issue 3
50-65
PL
W artykule przedstawiono regulacje prawne przestępczości zorganizowanej w świetle funkcjonowania istniejących unormowań prawnych i orzecznictwa w Polsce. Zaprezentowano również szczegółową analizę prawno-dogmatyczną przestępczości zorganizowanej pozwalającą na szerszą interpretację opisywanych regulacji prawnych.
EN
The paper presents the regulations of organized crime in the light of current legal regulations and case law in Poland. Detailed legal analysis of organised crime presented in the paper allows for a broader interpretation of legislation.
18
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Glosa do wyroku Sądu Apelacyjnego w Białymstoku z dnia 16.11. 2017 r., II AKa 178/17

63%
Michalska-Warias A.
Studia Prawnicze KUL
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2020
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issue 3
461-469
EN
The gloss criticises the opinion that a criminal group may not have an internal structure. Analysis of the term “organised” was presented, which demonstrated the inadmissibility of the interpretation proposed by the Appellate Court in Białystok. The opinion that the group does not necessarily have to have a stable membership or internal disciplinary rules was approved. So was the opinion that the members of the group may belong to it on the basis of voluntary submission.
PL
W glosie skrytykowany został pogląd, że grupa przestępcza może nie mieć wewnętrznej struktury. Przeprowadzono analizę terminu „zorganizowany”, wskazując na niedopuszczalność wykładni przyjętej przez Sąd Apelacyjny w Białymstoku. W glosie podzielono natomiast pogląd, że nie jest konieczny niezmienny skład grupy czy też istnienie wewnętrznej dyscypliny. Na aprobatę zasługuje także pogląd, że członkowie grupy mogą należeć do niej na zasadzie dobrowolnego podporządkowania.
19
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The Geopolitical Context of Migrant Routes and Its Impact on Organised Crime in the Republic of North Macedonia

63%
Mileski T., Pacemska D.
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal
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2022
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vol. 29
|
issue 1
49-67
PL
Ze względu na szczególną sytuację geopolityczną i geostrategiczną, położona w samym sercu Półwyspu Bałkańskiego Macedonia Północna jest celem nielegalnej migracji i znajduje się na skrzyżowaniu szlaków migracyjnych prowadzących z Azji i Afryki do Europy Środkowej i Zachodniej. Poniższy artykuł stara się zatem odpowiedzieć na dwa powiązane ze sobą pytania. Pierwsze pytanie dotyczy geopolitycznych uwarunkowań przebiegu szlaków migracyjnych i ich wpływu na nasilenie przemytu migrantów, natomiast drugie ogniskuje się wokół przemytu migrantów dokonywanego przez zorganizowane grupy przestępcze. W ujęciu czasowym, badanie objęło okres pandemii COVID-19. Podstawą metodologiczną niniejszego artykułu jest analiza dokumentów politycznych pochodzących z otwartych źródeł. Ponadto, autorzy przeprowadzili wywiady z ponad stoma macedońskimi funkcjonariuszami policji, którzy pracują bezpośrednio na granicy i są zaangażowani w zwalczanie przemytu migrantów, a także pogłębiony wywiad z naczelnikiem Krajowej Jednostki ds. Zwalczania Przemytu Migrantów i Handlu Ludźmi w Macedonii Północnej.
EN
As a country with a specific geopolitical and geostrategic position, North Macedonia, positioned in the centre of the Balkan Peninsula, is subject to illegal migration and is located at the crossroads of migrant routes leading from Asia and Africa to Central and Western Europe. Therefore, the article makes an effort to answer two related questions. The first question refers to the geopolitical context of migrant routes and their impact on the increase in migrant smuggling, while the second one is the focus of migrant smuggling within organised crime groups. In terms of time, the research covers the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodology of this paper is based on an analysis of policy documents from open sources. Also, the authors surveyed more than one hundred Macedonian police officers who work directly on the borders and engage in the suppression of smuggling migrants, and an in-depth interview with the head of the National Unit for Combating Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in North Macedonia.
20
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Handel ludźmi jako forma współczesnego niewolnictwa

51%
Rubiś-Kulczycka J.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uczelni Jana Wyżykowskiego. Studia z Nauk Społecznych
|
2016
|
issue 9
rb.ujw.pl/social
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę handlu ludźmi i ujmuje temat w kontekście współczesnych czasów. Autorka opisuje konstruowanie definicji zjawiska na przestrzeni lat, analizuje jego związki przyczynowo - skutkowe. Wiele uwagi poświęca znanym formom handlu ludźmi, wyodrębniając handel dziećmi, jako proceder szczególnie niekontrolowany i groźny. Opracowanie zawiera liczbowe statystyki wykrywalności tej specyficznej przestępczości w Polsce, a także prezentuje najbardziej znane instytucje, które aktywnie i bezpośrednio zaangażowane są w zwalczanie tego rodzaju zjawiska oraz niosą pomoc dla jego ofiar.
EN
The article refers to the issue of human trafficking and reflects the problem in the context of contemporary times. The author describes the construction of the definition of this phenomenon over the years and analyses cause and effect relations. A lot of attention is being put to known forms of human trafficking, separating child trafficking as a particularly dangerous and difficult to control phenomenon. The study contains detectability rate statistics of this specific form of crime in Poland. It also presents most known institutions which are actively and directly engaged in fighting this phenomenon and which help its victims.
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