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EN
The concept of organized crime has been part of Czech criminal law since the mid-1990s. The notion of criminal conspiracy, later replaced by the notion of organized criminal group, has become the legal embodiment of organized crime. How these terms and the related criminal acts should be defined, as well as the procedural tools adopted to investigate such acts, have been debated by Czech lawyers and criminologists. However, only limited attention has been paid to the perpetrators and practices judged as organized crime in a Czech court of law, with the notable exception of the 2010 paper “Czech organised crime in an international context” by Miroslav Scheinost and Karel Netík, which analyzes the final judgments for the criminal act of participation in criminal conspiracy in the period of 1999 to 2008. We elaborate on this study by analyzing the final judgments for the criminal acts of participation in criminal organized group or criminal conspiracy over the 2010-2020 period. In the study, we address the main features of criminal activity, offenders, criminal groups and imposed penalties and integrate these findings with previous research. Finally, possibilities for further research in the area are outlined.
EN
The commentary refers to the problem of elements the presence of which is necessary to assume that a given group of people constitutes an organized group in the meaning of Article 158 of the Polish Criminal Code. The author shares the opinion presented by the Court of Appeal in Bialystok that the constitutive features of an organized criminal group do not include the mechanisms of enforcing obedience, the existence of leadership or the presence of a reward/punishment system for the members of the group. The commentary points to the minimal elements necessary to establish the existence of an organized criminal group and presents in-depth arguments in favor of the commented thesis. The commentary emphasizes also to the gradual evolution of the views referring to the necessary characteristic elements of organized criminal groups in the light of Article 258 of the Polish Criminal Code.
PL
Glosa dotyczy problematyki elementów, których wystąpienie jest konieczne do uznania, że dana zbiorowość ludzi stanowi zorganizowaną grupę przestępczą w rozumieniu art. 258 Kodeksu karnego. Autorka podziela pogląd wypowiedziany przez Sąd Apelacyjny w Białymstoku, że do konstytutywnych cech zorganizowanej grupy przestępczej nie należy zaliczać mechanizmów wymuszania posłuszeństwa, istnienia kierownictwa czy istnienia systemu nagród i kar dla członków grupy. W glosie wskazano na minimalne elementy konieczne do ustalenia istnienia zorganizowanej grupy przestępczej, a także przedstawiono pogłębioną argumentację przemawiającą za słusznością glosowanej tezy. Wskazano także na stopniową ewolucję poglądów na temat koniecznych cech charakterystycznych zorganizowanych grup przestępczych w świetle art. 258 Kodeksu karnego.
EN
The problem of so-called sects shouldn’t be ignored. On one hand the development of civilization improves existential conditions of human beings and broadens their horizons and - on the other hand – it may cause the destruction or deformation of values commonly accepted as traditional vectors of the social order as well as it may promote alternatives to the above-mentioned values. Such ‘new axiologies’ are often presented and exposed by various sects and some contemporary phenomena in the sphere of confession or outlook. The author of the paper discusses the possibility of comparison of a sect whose leader and members conduct criminal activity to an organized criminal group or to an association having for its purpose the commission of offences in the light of Polish legal regulations (Article 258 of the Polish Penal Code of 1997). It seems that in the context of sects – taking into consideration the specificity of organizations of a such nature – there is generally more adequate to refer to these communities a term ‘an association having for its purpose the commission of offences’ than a term ‘an organized criminal group’ (though it’s necessary to stress that a sect can also assume the form of an organized criminal group)
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