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EN
The small Penal Code may be classified among the most repressive acts of Communist penal law. On its basis there were brought to penal responsibility not only the soldiers of independent underground or the activists of opposition groupings but also to individuals not engaged in political struggle. The author discusses the court decisions of the time as made on basis of the discussed Code. While exploring the problem, he relies on the hitherto made research. He draws not only on the literature which was published after the 1989 transformation but invokes also the research that came to being at the time of the binding force of the decree of 13 June 1946 on the offences particularly dangerous in the era of reconstruction of the State.
PL
Austriacki kodeks cywilny (ABGB) obowiązujący w okręgach sądów apelacji lwowskiej i krakowskiej w okresie międzywojennym przewidywał zasadę swobody testowania przez spadkodawcę. Swoboda ta mogła jednak niekiedy godzić w prawa spadkowe osób najbliższych spadkodawcy. Instytucją chroniącą prawa tych osób był zachowek, który należał się im jako dziedzicom koniecznym. Podstawą obliczenia wysokości zachowku była wielkość masy spadkowej. Przy obliczaniu zachowku brano jednak pod uwagę także darowizny, jakie otrzymali od spadkodawcy dziedzice konieczni (osoby uprawnione do zachowku) oraz spadkobiercy i legatariusze. ABGB przewidywał, że w przypadku gdy należny dziedzicom koniecznym zachowek był uszczuplony (w niepełnej wysokości), mogli oni domagać się jego uzupełnienia. Kwestie dotyczącego tego, jakie darowizny były brane pod uwagę, a jakie nie przy obliczaniu wysokości zachowku, wskutek różnych praktyk w tym zakresie były przedmiotem wielu orzeczeń sądów. Orzecznictwo sądów w tym zakresie było niejednolite. Przewidywało wyrównanie uszczuplonego zachowku zarówno w naturze (w postaci proporcjonalnej części darowizny), jak i w postaci świadczenia pieniężnego, z czasem coraz bardziej ewoluując w tym kierunku.
EN
The Austrian Civil Code (ABGB), which was in force in the districts of the courts based in Lvov and Krakow in the Interwar period, stipulated the principle of freedom of testing by the testator. That freedom, however, could harm the inheritance rights of the persons who were the nearest to the testator. The institution protecting the rights of these persons was the legitimate share which they were entitled to as heirs-at-law. The basis to assess the height of the legitim was the size of inheritance. However, while estimating thelegitimate share, donations which the heirs-at-law (persons entitled to the legitim), heirs and legatees had received from testators were taken into consideration as well. The ABGB provided that in the case where the legitim which the heirs-at-law were entitled to was depleted (not at full height) they could demand completion of it. Questions concerning which donations were taken into account and which were not while estimating the height of the legitim due to different practices in this respect were the subject of many courts’ adjudgments. The jurisprudence in this sphere was not uniform. It stipulated compensation of the depleted legitimate share both in kind (in the form of proportional part of the donation) and as a financial benefit, with time evolving towards the latter to a greater and greater extent.
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