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Materiały osadnicze z Transboru, gm. Latowicz, woj. mazowieckie

100%
Orlińska G.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
|
2007
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vol. LIX
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issue 59
115-164
EN
Unlike materials from the Cloche Grave Culture cemetery at Transbór, distr. Mińsk Maz. (Fig. 1), published over fifty years ago (A. Kietlińska 1955; 1968; A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963), archaeological findings associated with settlement were never analysed comprehensively. Nevertheless random and contradictory information about this material somehow entered circulation giving rise to a controversy over the chronological and culture attribution of the settlement (Express 1947; 1948; M. Gądzikiewicz 1954, p. 164; M. Gądzikiewicz-Woźniak 1961, p. 105; A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963, p. 255; S. Czopek 1992, p. 181; 1995, p. 275; Dyskusja 1995, p. 389; M. Andrzejowska 1988, p. 135; 2001, p. 199). Fragments of Lusatian pottery vessels with openings below the rim, grave assemblage no. 12, deposited in a cloche (A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963, p. 258, tabl. III:7.8.14–17; in the present article described with materials from section I/3), known from the monograph of the cemetery were recognised by T. Dąbrowska (1977, p. 118, diagram 1 – phase A) as proof of direct continuity of ‘Lusatian’ traditions in Cloche Grave Culture. The need to rectify the existing inconsistencies prompted the author to examine the archaeological material and documentation at hand, the latter consisting of site reports (which contain only laconic descriptions of archaeological features), site drawings, no longer complete (cf footnote 6), twenty or so amateur black-and-white photographs, and a hand-written card index covering a part of the settlement materials developed in 1961 by R. Mikłaszewska (R.M.). The archaeology at Transbór first became known to Warsaw archaeologists in the 1920s when the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw received a number of Cloche Grave Culture vessel finds from this location. Regular excavation led by A. Kietlińska was undertaken only in 1946–1948. The area was excavated using a grid of 20×20 m units (Fig. 2). Grid squares I–XII were explored in 2 m wide strips (1–10). Grid square XIII was the only unit which comprised two such strips. Fieldwork was carried out mostly in double, less often, in single strips (Fig. 4). The site lay on the slope of a high dune rising above the flood terrace of the right bank of river Świder (Fig. 1; A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963, p. 255, fig. 1). Despite the sandy and dry substrate stratigraphy was still legible, at least in places. The ancient summit of the dune extended from grid square IV/6 to the middle section of grid square VIII/9–10. A layer of grey or ash-coloured sand which contained most of the cloche burials was detected in grid square IV just below the arable; moving north it gradually descended to the depth of ‘more than two spades’ (Fig. 5). Deeper down, at the N margin of the trench, was found a dark grey layer, which probably yielded most of the Trzciniec Culture potsherds (Fig. 31:VIII/4–6a–d). An equally puzzling stratigraphic sequence was observed in grid square VII (Fig. 36). Here a sequence of two layers is recorded, associated with the horizon of the cemetery. Assuming that the lower layer, which contained graves 47 and 48, is the same as the dark grey sand in grid square VIII, it can be associated with occupation by Trzciniec Culture folk, and consequently, also with Lusatian occupation. A flimsy dark brown level cutting into the roof layer of grave 48 which presumably represented the final horizon of the cemetery was detected also in the southern part of the profile in grid square VIII (Fig. 5). In the entire investigated area the settlement layer containing charcoal and daub postdating the cemetery horizon rested directly beneath the humus. This made identification of features quite difficult, especially in the eastern area of the site. The main ‘cemetery’ layer of grey sand was also present everywhere. However, it is not clear whether the more ancient dark grey layer occurred elsewhere than within squares VII and VIII. Archaeologists identified 33 features associated with settlement (Fig. 3). Ten of them evidently are from a period predating the cemetery: hearths (no. 8, 22; possibly, also no. 27 – a hearth evidently earlier than grave 99), a pit oven (no. 9), posthole (no. 12), pits (no. 4, 5, 10, 13, 14; no. 10 apparently was a depression in the unbroken culture layer), and remains of structures (no. 15). Features 8, 9, 10, 14 and 15, contained Lusatian Culture pottery. The building remains, unique for the area of the eastern offshoot of Lusatian Culture, included a frame building on a plan of a trapeze, a surface area of ca. 15 m2; it had an entrance in the shorter western wall and a triangular annex or outbuilding of ca. 7 m2 which contained a raised dome oven (feature 15-5). The remains of a light roofing structure extending from the entrance to the hut to feature 14 detected north of the annex/outbuilding originally had been supported by small stakes. This suggests that feature 14 – storage pit (?) with a quern and rubber, may also be associated with the dwelling. Lumps of daub with impressed straw, reed and pegs show that walls could have been insulated on the outside with wattle. The oven, presumably used for cooking and heating, had the form of a clay dome set over a floor of packed clay. It was fed and cleaned through an opening giving onto the interior of the hut, under the roofing, where an oven pit of triangular section was discovered. Another possible ‘Lusatian’ hut occurred in grid square VIII/7–10 (feature 3). Evidence of occupation postdating the cemetery horizon includes stone hearths (no. 1, 2, 16, 26, 28, 32, 33) and burnt remains of frame buildings (no. 20, 21, 29, 30, and most probably, no. 7); inside the buildings there was a 1×1 m square outline set against the wall. Feature 20 (a unipartite structure with an inner area of ca. 25 m2) and a bipartite building identified in its neighbourhood, with an area of ca. 30 m2, and a northern chamber of ca. 16.5 m2, both had walls plastered with clay. Also similar was a bipartite (possibly tripartite) building with individual spaces of ca. 17 m2 in area which had a common longer wall. Feature 30 evidently postdates feature 29, which consists of at least two rectangular chambers. A room with a square-shaped stone hearth had an area of ca. 14 m2. The L-shaped cross-section of the wall of one building (no. 21) suggests the existence of a foundation. All the discussed structures find only some degree of correspondence in the building tradition known in Przeworsk Culture of the Late Pre-Roman and Early Roman Period, and Wielbark Culture of the Late Roman Period (cf K. Przewoźna 1971, p. 181–188; K. Godłowski 1981, p. 105; J. Pyrgała 1981, p. 383–385; I. Jadczykowa 1983, p. 190, 192, 194–195, 199 ff., 214). Their plan evidently different than that of prehistoric dwelling structures published to date and the outline was not the typical quadrangular shape. There is a strong suspicion that the structures at Transbór actually date from the early modern period and are the remains of village buildings common in Poland with a narrow front and an open square-shaped hearth set by the wall or a chimney in a corner (cf K. Moszyński 1967, p. 529, 530–531, 560 ff., fig. 469, 470, 478:1.2, 479). Also the structure containing a square-shaped hearth paved with small pebbles (no. 29) evidently older than other buildings probably dates from same age. Several features did not produce any finds of diagnostic value for chronological and culture attribution, they were ‘concentrations’ of stones and/or pottery (no. 19, 23, 24, 25, 31), post-holes (no. 6, 17) and possible pit (no. 11). Similarly problematic was a deteriorated stone hearth which contained assorted pottery (no. 18). None of the described features could be linked to Trzciniec Culture settlement, which probably concentrated in the NW part of the site outside the area covered by excavation (over a half of Trzciniec pottery fragments occurred in the northern part of grid square VIII/4–6). Vessels forms were mostly S-profiled pots (Fig. 23:18a.21c, 31:VIII/4–6a.b.d, 33m, and lacking context), exceptionally, one pot had a nearly cylindrical neck (Fig. 30:IV/9d), and a bowl (Fig. 31:VIII/4–6c). A sherd with two cordons recovered in grid square VIII/4–6 belonged to either a pot or a bowl. Apart from skilfully facetted rims in two vessels (Fig. 31:VIII/4–6b.d) Trzciniec ceramics from Transbór find numerous analogies in pottery finds from Mazowsze, Podlasie and Lublin region. Careful execution and elaborate ornamentation place them in the ‘classical’ phase of Trzciniec Culture, dated broadly to period II of the Bronze Age. Only the SE area of the area excavated at Transbór was free of Lusatian Culture finds. Some pottery fragments were attributed only tentatively to either Lusatian or to Cloche Grave Culture The predominant form were vessels with a roughened surface; they were represented by the following categories: pouch-like pots with various rim forms (Fig. 8:10a, 14:14h, 22:15-2/4a.b.i.l, 29:I/3d.f, 30:IV/7–8d.IV/9c.f.IV/10b, 31:V/5–6a.V/7a, 32:IX/9–10b, 33c, 34d), egg-shaped pots (Fig. 8:9a, 14:14i.k, 21:15--6e.f, 22:15-2/4k, 23:21b, 29:I/2b.c, 33a, 34b), S-profiled pots with gentle profiling and variously outsloping rim section or only the rim (Fig. 8:9d, 14:14a.j, 21:15-5d.15-6h, 22:15-2/4d.p, 29:I/2a, 30:IV/9a) and a curve below the rim (Fig. 8:8a, 18:15-2b). A large group were bowls, mostly hemispherical (Fig. 21:15-6a, 22:15-2/4h.j, 23:21d.I/1b.d, 29:I/3e.III/5a, 30:IV/7–8c.e.f, 31:VII/9–10c, 33f) or conical (Fig. 21:15-5b, 32a, 34i), more rarely, with a small or a more prominent curve below the rim (Fig. 14:14e.g, 21:15-6d, 22:15-2/4f, 23:I/1e, 33j, 34h), or an inward sloping rim section (Fig. 18:15-1a.15-4b, 21:15-6j, 30:IV/7–8g.h.IV/9b, 32:IX/9–10a, 33h), exceptionally, with S-shaped in profile (Fig. 18:15-4a). Other forms included vase-like vessels (Fig. 8:9c, 14:14d, 18:15-1c.d, 21:15-6b, 22:15-2/4c.r, 33b.o, 34f.g), forms with a neck set apart from the lower body by an indentation (Fig. 18:15-1b, 22:15-2/4s, 31:V/1–2a, 33n), cups (Fig. 14:14f, 33l) and strainer-like vessels (Fig. 8:9b, 22:15-2/4e). One vessel was a nearly biconical form (Fig. 34c). Twenty flat dishes (‘plates’) reconstructed from sherds ranged in diameter from 17 to 25 cm (Fig. 14:14b, 18:15-3a–c, 19, 22:15-2/4g, 23:I/1f, 29:I/3b, 30:IV/7–8i, 31:V/1–2b.V/7b, 32b, 34e.k). Most of these ceramic forms find numerous parallels in the material from Late Bronze Age and Hallstatt sites of Lusatian Culture in east Mazowsze and Podlasie. Ornamentation, both in terms of patterns selected and their frequency on vessels from Transbór resembles ornamentation of Hallstatt pottery from the region. The most popular motif are openings under the rim, more seldom, finger or fingernail impressions, less commonly, plastic ornament (applied bosses and cordons), and shallow engraved designs (at the base of the neck – horizontal and diagonal lines, on the body – groups of diagonal and ‘herringbone’). In some vessels the rim was decorated by kneading. Two vessels from Transbór (Fig. 14:14a, 18:15-4a) have no counterpart in the material from the Eastern Mazowsze-Podlasie group of Lusatian Culture They related more closely to forms known from inventories of Silesian group of the same culture. Although the vessel form is not recorded in the region which separates Silesia and south Wielkopolska from east Mazowsze this direction of influence is apparently correct. What is more, during the late Hallstatt period some vessel forms penetrated from the Silesian group to Mazowsze, into inventories of Lusatian-Pomeranian graves (M. Andrzejowska 2005, p. 134). Presumably, it is no accident that a pot of a western provenance occurred in a cloche grave at Stodzew, distr. Garwolin, site 3 (M. Andrzejowska 2003, p. 138, 140–141, fig. 11d–f), across the river Świder from Transbór. Another exceptional form was a flat dish with a kneaded rim with five central indentations on the underside, and on its upper face, an impressed design of plaitwork (Fig. 19) apparently from two bands of fibre of equal width woven cross-wise at right angles. Plates with impressions of similar and other kinds of plaitwork were quite popular in some settlements of the Tarnobrzeg Group of Lusatian Culture (K. Moskwa 1976, p. 82–83, 312, 317, fig. 74l, 77k–m). Indentations on the underside of the same dish probably had no functional purpose. Similar indentations, but in four concentric rows, appear on the underside of a plate dated to Hallstatt discovered in Podlasie (J. Dąbrowski 1961, p. 24, pl. I:1). The settlement of Lusatian Culture at Transbór possibly dates back to late Bronze Age. Some vessels (Fig. 14:14a.j, 32:V/7a) and a spindle- -whorl (Fig. 32:VIII/8a) are closer to forms from the end of the Bronze Age than from Hallstatt. However, some vessels are definitely Hallstatt forms: vase-like vessels with openings under the rim (Fig. 8:9c, 33o) or similar forms with an ornament of applied bosses (Fig. 18:15-1c.d), an S-shaped vessel with horizontal smoothing in its upper section (Fig. 21:15-5d), pots and bowls with a curve below the rim (Fig. 8:8a, 14:14e.g, 18:15-2b, 23:I/1e) and an S-profiled bowl (Fig. 18:15-4a). The ornamented vessel with a neck separated from the rest of the body by an indentation (Fig. 31:V/1–2a), and bowls with an inward sloping rim section (eg, fig. 18:15-1a.15-4b) are attributable to Ha D. The hut with an oven (no. 15) was definitely in use during Hallstatt. A similar dating may be given to the hearth (no. 8) and the pit oven (no. 9). More problematic is the dating of feature 14 which produced assorted ceramics datable to BA V through to early Iron Age. It is possible that the sherds could have been displaced and redeposited within the loose substrate but the quern and rubber also discovered in the same feature presumably rested in their original position. That the Iron Age settlement did not continue until the end of Hallstatt D is indicated by several Cloche Grave burials at Transbór attributable to the earliest phase of Mazowsze-Podlasie cemeteries of Cloche Grave Culture, dated to HaD (M. Andrzejowska 1995, p. 132 ff.). The cemetery was established after the decline of the settlement; the fact that the burials did not disturb feature 15 (= hut with oven) suggests that its remains continued to be visible. At the same time, the second possible Lusatian Culture dwelling (no. 3) was cut by grave 66. Imaginably, the settlement was abandoned when groups of outsiders started coming to the area. Occupation later than the Cloche Grave Culture cemetery horizon is evidenced by finds recovered in the entire area of investigation; they were a chronologically mixed assortment of objects attributed to Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures. Four fragments of Przeworsk Culture pottery belonged either in the Late Pre-Roman (Fig. 23:20a, 30:IV/10c, 31:V/7–8a) or the Early Roman Period (grave 12 in grid square I/3). Another form distinctive for Przeworsk Culture material was an iron scabbard clasp (Fig. 35d). Wielbark finds included a large quantity of sherds belonging to group I pots (Fig. 23:21f, 29:II/1a and fragment from grave 12, section I/3), a group XaA bowl (Fig. 32:X/7–8a), a sherd decorated with zigzag (from feature 21), and others items (Fig. 31:V/5–6c and fragment from feature 14). Finds considered as diagnostic for Wielbark Culture included springs from two brooches (Fig. 35a.b) and a melted glass bead. The Wielbark material is datable very generally to phase B2/C1 through to phase D of the Roman period (cf M. Tempelmann-Mączyńska 1985, p. 48 ff., pl. 4:202, 44, table 8; R. Wołągiewicz 1993, p. 12 ff.). Przeworsk and Wielbark pottery could not be associated conclusively with any feature dated to after the decline of the cemetery. This is an additional argument proving that the burnt dwellings (no. 20, 21, 29, 30) date from the early modern period. A fragment of a base from a turned vessel (Fig. 31:VII/9–10b) was dated to the Late Roman or the Early Migration Period. The entire investigated area produced a modest number of small fragments of modern wheel-made vessels; the lower part of feature 20 contained a small fragment of an oven tile. Owing to intensive occupation of the site after the decline of the cemetery many graves were lost or suffered serious damage; the original stratigraphy was disturbed and archaeological material became redeposited. This lends weight to the view that Lusatian Culture sherds discovered inside an inverted cloche vessel in grave 12 do not belong to the assemblage. This is supported by the fact that the same vessel also contained two sherds from Roman Period ceramics. Many questions relating to the sequence of occupation episodes at Transbór remain unanswered. The incomplete but quite striking archaeological material from this site proves that there is a need to continue investigating settlement sites, still relatively a terra incognita.
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Osada kultury pucharów lejkowatych ze stan. Nad Wawrem w Złotej, gm. Samborzec, woj. świętokrzyskie

100%
Matraszek B.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2001
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vol. LV
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issue 55
123-174
EN
The site “Nad Wawrem at Złota (woj. świętokrzyskie) lies some 7 km SW of Sandomierz (Fig. 1) on the SE margin of the Sandomierz Highland, close to where it borders on the valley of the Vistula River (J. Kondracki 1994, 212). The settlement occupies an extensive loess elevation in the form of spur bounded by the valleys of the Koprzywianka and Polanówka streams (Fig. 1). Such location is consistent with many of the features characteristic of Funnel Beaker Culture pattern of settlement distinguished in the Sandomierz Highland (H. Kowalewska-Marszałek 1992, 246–250). The present study is an analysis of finds recovered from the Funnel Beaker settlement, found in the collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. In 1926–1930 R. Jakimowicz, Z. Szmit and J. Żurowski, on behalf of Państwowe Grono Konserwatorów Zabytków Przedhistorycznych (Corps des Conservateurs d’Ètat des Monuments Préhistorique), explored a multi-culture site close to the village of Złota. Work on the site “Nad Wawrem was carried out mainly in 1926, 1927 and 1929. Some 3 ha were excavated and 572 features uncovered. The Funnel Beaker settlement at the site “Nad Wawrem occupies a central place of the studied area. Most probably the site was investigated in full. Existence of planned layout may be traced in the distribution of pits, which apparently were arranged around a central open space (Fig. 2). Material associated with Funnel Beaker culture was recovered from 10 pits, presumably used for different economic purposes. Basing on their shape, as seen in cross-section, features were distinguished into types one and two. Type one was basin-like in section while the section of type two pits was irregular with many internal divisions (Table 1). The first group included pits no. 387, 397, 407, the latter a set of four pits, (Fig. 8, 9, 26). All were circular in outline, measuring 1.5–1.6 m in their upper section and had a maximum depth of 0.50 m, with uniform fill. Features of the other group having an irregular and segmented section included pits no. 378, 401, 402, 404, 406, 416 (Fig. 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 20, 25, 28). Their interior was rather complex, with recesses branching out at the pit bottom or sides, stairs, steps; their fill was far from uniform and included a number of distinct layers. In their upper section these pits measured between 2.9 and 4.3 m, reaching the maximum depth of 1.7 m. Unlike the basin-sectioned pits of the first group, type two pits produced a rich and varied assortment of material evidence. Pits with a basin-like section may probably be interpreted as remains of small sunken cellars protected against the elements by some type of roofing difficult to reconstruct (B. Balcer 1989, 349–351). Alternately, they may be traces of clay extraction for building purposes i.e., clay-pits (B. Balcer 1989, 352; S. Kadrow 1992, 36) or traces of other activities pursued by inhabitants of the settlement (J. M. Michalak-Ścibior, H. Taras 1995, 78). Interpretation of the function served by the other group of pits is more difficult. In view of the rich assortment of finds recovered from them they may be linked with construction of raised dwellings. Although excavations failed to produce direct evidence of the presence such structures their existence is suggested by the presence of fragments of construction daub inside the fill of these pits (B. Balcer 1989; Z. Krzak 1963, 81–82). A small number of structures associated with raised dwellings is known from other Funnel Beaker settlements (B. Burchard 1977, 65–67, fig. 4; A. Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 1993, 126, fig. 41; A. Pelisiak 1985, 23–24, fig. 11, 12, 15, 16; J. Romanow, K. Wachowski, B. Miszkiewicz 1973, 23–29, 81–83, fig. 8–10; H. Schirning 1979b, 242; 1979c, 244–245; H. Wiklak 1975, 49; 1986, fig. 3, 4; W. H. Zimmermann 1979, 247, fig. 16). Structures presumably associated with cult were also recorded in megalithic tombs (W. Chmielewski 1952, 18–19; K. Gorczyca 1979/1981, 6, 17–18, fig. 4–9; I. Jadczykowa 1970, 135). It is also worth recalling that the function of the discussed group of pits may have been changed over the period they were in use (B. Balcer 1989, 351). At the present level of knowledge it is difficult to establish what location the discussed features occupied within the settlement. They may have been found inside buildings, under their floor or alternately, outdoors, protected by the roof of the building or a greater distance from the dwellings. B. Balcer proposed a similar location in case of trapezoid pits in his study of the settlement at Ćmielów (B. Balcer 1989, fig. 19). 3087 pottery fragments were analysed; two entire vessels survived intact (Fig. 12n, 22g), nine were reconstructed (Fig. 7k, 17a, 21e,j, 27b). On the basis of so fragmentary an inventory little may be said about the assortment of vessel forms but appears to have been relatively rich. A large group was formed by funnel beakers and vessels having a funnel-like neck and by pot-like storage vessels with a large opening. Amphorae, amphora-like vessels, cups with ansa lunata handles and collared flasks, represent a much smaller group. Vessels of small dimensions were also encountered. It is probable that the assortment of pottery also included bowls and jugs. In dimension the vessels ranged from very small specimens through a series of intermediate specimens to large, storage vessels. Predominant forms were presumably slender vessels with a high-set shoulder. Among funnel beakers two types and three variants were distinguished (A I 1–3, A II) as well as one type of S-shaped beakers profile (A III). Amphorae were distinguished into four types: B I–IV. Micromorphological differences in pottery consisted mainly in the different modelling of vessel rims. The modelling of the vessel base was in all specimens similar, differing only in the different degree of sloping out of the vessel wall near the base, a feature dependent on the vessel form and the modelling of a distinct vessel foot. In terms of production technique the ceramic material largely resembles pottery known from other sites of the Funnel Beaker culture, SE group (W. Gumiński 1989, 39–40). Ceramic vessels were characterised by highly uniform preparation of the raw material, firing and surface finish. Technological group A was distinguished including subgroups A 1–3 identified on the basis of secondary attributes i.e., manner of surface finish, thickness of vessel walls and amount of temper used. Mineral temper was used in the form of fine-grained sand and ground potsherds which was added in substantial quantity and mixed quite uniformly in the entire ceramic mass. The temper is not apparent on vessel surface and may be seen only in the breaks. Group B was also distinguished on the basis of heavy post-depositional surface wear of potsherds which otherwise were typified by the same technological attributes characteristic for the technological group A. Ornamentation consisted mostly of one or two, more rarely, a larger number of designs. The most typical patterns consisted of one or two elements arranged horizontally, more seldom, vertically or horizontally and vertically. The ornament was made externally under the vessel rim, at the point of junction of the neck and the vessel body more rarely, below the handles, on their edges or on the vessel body. Exceptionally there was an all-over ornament (pinched ornament on storage vessels). Individual vessel types tended to be associated with specific ornamentation motifs. It was typical for funnel beakers to be decorated with an ornament of stamps of diverse shapes arranged in rows (Fig. 12h, 17f, 21a,b, 29a,g) or zigzags (Fig. 12i, 22e, 29f,ł) and the stab-and-drag lines (Fig. 7b,g, 17g,o,r,u, 21c, 22f, 27d, 29c). A more rare form of plastic ornament were cordons placed at the neck and vessel body junction or U- and M-shaped cordons placed below the curve of the neck (Fig. 17t, 21e, 27d, 29k). Sporadically, a notched ornament was observed forming a zigzag enclosing from below a band of stamps (Fig. 17o) or cord impressions in the form of a horizontally arranged line (Fig. 18a, 21j), at times interrupted by flat bosses (Fig. 29k). Storage vessels tended to be decorated with a plastic ornament by thickening the vessel rim to form a ledge or a cordon below the vessel mouth additionally covered with a pinched ornament (Fig. 17p) or stamp impressions (Fig. 4a). A characteristic ornament for these vessels are the narrow slats finger-impressed (Fig. 4c, 22a). A striking form of decoration is seen on storage vessels only where the entire vessel body and the neck were covered with a pinched ornament (Fig. 17e,h). Amphorae were decorated only rarely with a plastic ornament in the form of a cordon placed at the vessel neck and body junction, occasionally additionally notched (Fig. 27a). Other striking objects of fired clay were also recovered from the analysed features: a fragment of a cylindrical loom-weight (Fig. 7j), four entire clay spindlewhorls (including a stamp-ornamented specimen) and their three fragments (Fig. 12b,f, 17j, 22j,l), two fragments of small clay battle axes (Fig. 22k) and a realistically rendered representation of a ram’s head originally crowning a vessel handle (Fig. 29n). Technologically these items do not differ from pottery vessels. The only difference, in case of spindlewhorls, is the content of mineral temper, higher than in vessels. An interesting find from the recess of pit no. 401 was a clay pipe (Fig. 13j). A similar specimen is known from a Funnel Beaker settlement at Ćmielów, pit no. 49 (Z. Podkowińska 1950, 129, pl. XXXIX:4). Objects resembling the find from Złota have been interpreted variously as aids used in feeding babies (so-called biberons), spoons, mortars, pipe stems or crucibles used in copper metallurgy (J. A. Bakker, J. C. Vogel, T. Wiślański 1969, 227; W. Gumiński 1989, 114) – unlikely items having a different chronology, formed and function all lumped together. The finds from Złota and Ćmielów were subjected to spectrogaphy analysis by specialists of the State Archaeological Museum to determine the chemical composition of residue substances found on them. This helped to exclude metallurgy and suggested at the same time possible connection of analysed residue with remains of plant ashes (L. Koziorowska 1995). Of 54 flint finds associated with Funnel Beaker culture recovered at Złota, site “Nad Wawrem most were made of the local Świeciechów flint. The variety from Volhynia and banded flint were much less common (Table 2). Flint objects appear to have been heavily used. Many tools show substantial degree of wear (axes with damaged blades (Fig. 18g,h, 30e,f), change of function (axes showing traces of reuse as hammerstones (Fig. 18c, 30c) and repair (retouched blades with steeply retouched edges (Fig. 18d, 27f, table 3, 4). Generally the structure of the analysed flint inventory (Table 5) is typical for settlements of flint tool users (B. Balcer 1975, 186). 10 tools represent stone finds. All were subjected to petrography analysis (P. Bylina, R. Michniak – archive of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw) mainly, to identify their raw material and its source of origin (Table 6). It was established that different stone material was used in manufacturing stone tools. Inhabitants of the settlement at Złota used material from local deposits – stone from the main ridge and the foreland of the Central Polish Highlands (Góry Świętokrzyskie) and material found in the direct vicinity of the site at Złota, from erratics of the Middle Polish or Northern Polish glaciation in the valley of Kamienna River and from the Polish Lowlands. Material was also brought over greater distances, as e.g., serpentine marble from Silesia and silicificated marl probably from Carpathian Mts. Field notes from the excavation also noted that quernstones were found in the pit fill (some 5 specimens) but unfortunately they were not collected from the site after the excavation. According to J. Żurowski, head of the expedition, one of the quernstones was made of granite. The inventory of bone objects included 29 tools (entire and in fragments) and a fragment of an ornament. Nearly a half of all implements were various types of awls – 13 items (Fig. 13a–e,i, 14l, 18j,k,ł,m, 22n,o). The next largest group are adzes – 7 specimens (Fig. 7ł, 13g,h,k, 14ł, 30h,i). Other bone tools included two perforators (Fig. 14k, 18i), two dagger fragments, which may originally have belonged to a single specimen (Fig. 13f), a point, (Fig. 14j), a punch (Fig. 7l), four fragments of indeterminate tools (Fig. 12a, 14h, 22m, 30g) and an amulet fashioned from a horse tooth (tusk) (Fig. 18n, table 7). All the analysed items are characterised by careful execution. They were produced from bone of both domesticated and wild animals (Table 8) (See Annex). Classification of bone tools into individual groups clearly shows that the morphology and properties of the bone material strictly conditioned their shape. The style of ceramic vessels places the Funnel Beaker settlement, site “Nad Wawrem at Złota, in the classical phase of development of the SE group. The set of Funnel Beaker pottery from the discussed settlement shows high homogeneity and should clearly be associated with the classical phase of the SE group of Funnel Beaker Culture, the Bronocice phase II (BR II), dated to the period between 3540–3340/3180 BC cal. (2900–2700/2600 bc conv.) (J. Kruk, S. Milisauskas 1983, 310), with which it shares the largest number of elements. A small number of features should be linked also with phases BR I and BR III. Features characteristic for phase BR II in evidence in the discussed material include: the slender form of vessels which taper near the base (Fig. 4h, 7k, 17a), sack-like vessels with an “arcade ornament of the rim (Fig. 4c, 22a), amphorae with a broad proportioned or biconical body with knee-shaped handles set at the greatest vessel diameter (Fig. 12n), collared flasks (Fig. 12j, 17c, 29d), amphorae with handles extended with plastic projections (Fig. 17l), small beakers with small arc-like cordons below the neck curve (Fig. 21e, 27d, 29k) and slender ansa lunata handles (Fig. 29m). The prevailing ornamentation technique are stamp impressions arranged into diverse motifs (Fig. 12d,h,i, 17f, 21a,b, 22b,e, 29a,f,g,ł). Analogically as in other assemblages associated to phase BR II sporadically encountered ornamentation includes engraved lines (Fig. 21e,j), and incisions (Fig. 17o, 29b). Also in terms of the manner of execution and preparation of the ceramic mass materials from the discussed settlement have their counterparts in phase BR II (B. Burchard 1977, 75; A. Kokowski 1995, 155; J. Kruk, S. Milisauskas 1981a, 89–92; 1983). Different categories of artifacts analysed in the study show traces of intensive use, damage and reworking. This probably sheds some light on t
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Osada kultury grobów kloszowych na stan. 10 w Warszawie–Zerzniu

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Andrzejowska M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2001
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vol. LV
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issue 55
179-195
EN
The site at Warszawa–Zerzeń lies on a small dune elevation of the upper floodplain terrace of the Vistula River valley on the right bank of the river, in the area of Wiązana and Zwoleńska Streets (Fig. 1). The settlement was discovered in 1976 during fieldwalking survey. In 1983 the Warsaw Unit of The State Ateliers for Conservation of Cultural Property excavated 600 m˛ of the site. Work was continued on a much lesser scale in 1984 (42.5 m2) by the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, where all the material recovered during the investigation is now being stored. Excavations were carried out in the accessible S and SW section of the dune (Fig. 2a). 10–20 cm thick cultural layer was revealed as well as 23 features found under the humus (Fig. 2b). Fifteen were interpreted as archaeological features: pits (4, 7, 8, 11, 16, 17, 19, 21), concentrations (3, 9, 10, 22, 23) and a possible burial feature (20). Nearly 3000 potsherds were recovered from the features and the culture layer (features – ca. 2000, cultural layer – 350, arable – ca. 650 fragments) together with seven entire spindlewhorls and a fragment of another, several stone tools (smoothers, grindstones) and 16 flints. Most of the pits were irregular in outline, usually roughly oval and ranged in area between 0.6 and ca. 2.6 m2. In section they were also irregular, with blurred outline. The pit-fill, up to 65 cm deep, included potsherds, occasionally also daub and stones. There were two concentrations of potsherds belonging to a single vessel (features 10, 23) another, of potsherds and stone tools (feature 22), yet another, of daub and stones (feature 3). None of the features discovered could be interpreted as dwelling structures using appropriate criteria (J. Michalski 1983); at least one (feature3) may have formed a part of a dwelling structure but its construction cannot be identified at present. Likewise, no remains of hearths or production features were distinguished. Most of the pits were apparently used for storage. This is suggested by remains of large vessels found in the lower sections of features 8 and 14 (Fig. 9l,r, 10m,n). Feature 20, interpreted as a grave, contained in its uppermost layer pottery fragments, which may have belonged to the inventory of a cloche grave. Lower down pit fill yielded small fragments of burnt bone. Given the lack of comparative material the significance of a possible burial deposit made within an inhabited area cannot be fully understood. Pottery from the settlement was classified using typology designed by T. Węgrzynowicz (1988, 3 f.). The majority of potsherds originated from vessels with a roughened surface. Ovoid and barrel-like pots with notched rims were best represented (Fig. 5, 9, 10, 18, 19). Only a slight proportion was formed by vessels known from cemeteries: forms with asmoothed well-defined neck and a roughened body (Fig. 5b,d, 9p, 10h, 15a,c,d, 19h), cups and jugs (Fig. 17c, 19p). Numerous fragments of bowls represent acommon category of vessels – smoothed, unprofiled or having an indistinct curve beneath the rim (Fig. 4a, 5i, 9a,g,i, 15b, 19o). Other ceramic forms included fragments of circular discs-plates (Fig. 4b,e, 9e,f,j), thin walled miniature vessels (Fig. 4f, 19f,i,m) and a fragment of a miniature lid (Fig. 4c). Potsherds decorated with an ornament of stamps or fingernail impressions represented only a small percentage. Grooves made with a tool having several tines (comb?) were noted on the surface of a number of potsherds. Plastic ornament was represented only exceptionally by cordons and knobs seen at the neck-body junction. Macroscopic analysis of technology and comparative qualitative analysis of the distinguished vessel categories suggest that the settlement may have been inhabited by the same community which was using the nearby cemetery (site 4) dated to the early La Tène Period (M. Andrzejowska, T.Węgrzynowicz 1995).
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Odkrycie trzech naczyń brązowych na osadzie kultury przeworskiej w Powodowie Drugim, pow. poddębicki

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Jakubczyk I., Siciński W.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2017
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vol. LXVIII
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issue 68
281-287
EN
In 2003 the Museum of Archaeology an Ethnography in Łódź added to its collections three bronze vessels recovered from the settlement at Powodów Drugi, Poddębice County in Central Poland (Fig. 1), presumably from a derelict, stone-built stove with a domed clay roof. The group includes a bronze bowl which lacks closer analogy in the classification system of H. J. Eggers (Fig. 2:1), a wine dipper, type E.162 (Fig. 2:2), and a skillet, type E.142 (Fig. 3), with a now incomplete maker mark of Publius Cipius Polybius. Nearly all vessels classified to type E.142 with a maker mark of Polybius found in the Barbaricum (Fig. 4) have been recorded in a grave context; except for the find from Powodów, and two vessels belonging to two hoards from Havor on Gotland deposited in a context other than sepulchral. The Publius Cipius Polybius skillet establishes the dating of the deposit from Powodów Drugi as phase B1b–B2.
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Materiały typu jastorfskiego ze stanowiska 5 w Wytycznie, gm. Urszulin, woj. lubelskie

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Mazurek W.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2001
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vol. LIV
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issue 54
49-57
EN
Author examines finds from a settlement at Wytyczno, about 50 km NE from Lublin, excavated in early 1990’s. 175 prehistoric features were discovered there on 1500 m2 (Fig. 1, 2). Most of them could be dated, based on the pottery finds, to the phases A1–A2 of the late Pre-Roman Period. Two large fireplaces and a well were unearthed among undistinguished settlement features. The well and one of the fireplaces produced very interesting pottery assemblages – fragments of barrel-shaped vessels with collar-like rims and thinwalled vessels with black glossy surface and with rims facetted inside (Fig. 5, 6). Similar pottery came also from a cultural layer and from other features (Fig. 4, 7). Such pottery is untypical for the Przeworsk Culture and finds close analogies in the Jastorf culture sensu largo, mostly on the Jutland Peninsula, in the Gubin Group and in the Poieneşti-Lukaševka Culture. Furthermore at Wytyczno were discovered 7 fragments of clay firedogs (Feureböcke), which are also typical for the Jastorf culture (Fig. 4:31,32). These finds build next part of the “bridge” between the areas of the Jastorf culture on the Elbe with regions north and north-west of the Black Sea. A feature of the Lusatian Culture, 2 features of the Pomeranian Culture (Fig. 3) and 4 from the Roman Period (Fig. 7:1,2,4–6) were also found atWytyczno. The Pomeranian Culture pottery finds good analogies in Brześć Kujawski, among the finds linked with the Jutland. The Roman Period pottery is similar to the finds distinguished as post- or late Zarubintsy Culture.
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Interwencyjne badania archeologiczne na wczesnośredniowiecznej osadzie w Kołczewie, gmina Wolin

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Dworaczyk M.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2019
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vol. 15
395-404
EN
The early medieval settlement at Kołczewo 2 was discovered already in 1953 during field walking and verified in 1980. The settlement was dated to the 9th–12th century. During the latest rescue excavations four features of diverse function were recorded, dated to the 11th century.
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Wyniki badań wykopaliskowych osady obronnej w Tarławkach, pow. węgorzewski

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Purowski T.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2008
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vol. LX
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issue 60
335-360
EN
The site at Tarławki is situated ca 3.75 km west of Lake Mamry, NE Poland, on an elevation known as ‘Dziewicza Góra’ which rises over the surrounding forest (Fig. 1:1); both the upper (now almost completely lost to gravel extraction) and lower area of this elevation (Fig. 2) produced evidence of prehistoric occupation – site 1 A and 1 B, respectively. First recorded before World War II by German researchers, visited five years after end of the war by Polish archaeologists J. Antoniewicz and A. Gardawski, the site was excavated only in 1971 and 1973 by J. Okulicz and his team. Excavation was carried out in three research zones (Fig. 2): Zone I – north and central area of site 1B (Fig. 3); Zone II – south area of site 1B, north area of site 1A (Fig. 4); Zone III – south area of the elevation ‘Dziewicza Góra’ (Fig. 5). Features identified during excavation included 8 hearths, 15 pits, 3 (4) dwellings, 2 metallurgy ‘workshops’ (Fig. 15), a burial, remains of defences (Fig. 7–10) and 100 postholes (Fig. 6). Hearths were either sub-oval (5) or irregular (3) in outline. No. 2 and 16 may have been associated with larger dwelling structures. Pits differed in size and outline. Fragments of the two largest were revealed in plot O34 and P32-33, one of them interpreted tentatively as a fragment of the culture layer, the other, as part of a dwelling structure (feature no. 12). The smaller pits were round or oval in outline, others were rectangular. Because investigation was made in area lying outside the fortified settlement (very little of its inner area had survived) only a small number of dwelling features were identified: a raised dwelling (?) found in plot R18-P19, a 2.4×2.2 m ‘hut’ (feature no. 12) in plot P32-33, a part of which may have been feature no. 11 (identified as a pit), and a feature no. 26, a fragment of which was discovered in plot R36. This third dwelling, presumably sub-rectangular in outline, with a flat floor, and a vertical N wall, was interpreted as a pit dwelling which when dug, cut into the deteriorating rampart in a period where the defences in this area had fallen into disuse. Two features were associated with bronze metallurgy. No. 15 – rectangular in outline, with a flat floor – first occurred in plot P36 and continued to the east and north (Fig. 15). No. 25, a fragment of which was identified in plot R36-37, S36-37, was oval in outline (Fig. 15), had a flat floor and a curving western wall. The fill and of these two features and the area around them contained numerous finds associated with bronze metallurgy. The remains of defences, identified mainly on the south face of the elevation ‘Dziewicza Góra’, included the fragment of the top and outer face of a rampart (Fig. 7). This structure consisted of five strata. Layer I – humus (20 cm) and layer II – several levels of mixed clay, gravel and sand (ca 120–160 cm) in alignment with the sloping sides of the earthwork (Fig. 7, 8); these levels, which contained charcoal, potsherds and fragments of bones, presumably were taken from an earlier culture layers from within the settlement. Layer III: the remains of burnt timber and earth-and-timber, mostly defensive structures. The original structure of the rampart was reconstructed only tentatively basing on the limited evidence at hand: plot T51 produced traces of a timber crossed logs build which cut into the earth embankment of an older rampart (Fig. 8, 9). Presumably associated with layer III were traces of stakes driven vertically into the ground, identified in plot R52-53, most probably formed the first line of defences in the form of a stockade on the hill slope. Layer IV consisted of two pits (no. 34 and 37), visible in the section of the gravel mine filled with black earth mixed with charcoal and stones (Fig. 7). Their function is unclear. The remains of layer V identified in plot T51 consisted of a 120 cm wide ditch cutting ca 25 cm into the natural running parallel to the rim of the elevation. Into its flat bottom several lines of piles had been driven to form a stockade around the internal area of the settlement (Fig. 10). Other remains of defensive structures were identified on the north side of the settlement. A dark layer with diagonal bands of black earth discovered in plot R35-36 most probably may be linked with layer III of the rampart identified on the south face of elevation ‘Dziewicza Góra’. Other remains of what may have been a stockade were discovered in plot R36 – traces of sixty wooden stakes (Fig. 6), possibly, also in plots R33 and R17. South of the fortified settlement, in plot R53, between layers II and III (fire burnt) a pit (no. 31) contained bones of a child. This burial suggests that the settlement was abandoned some time after the fire. Small finds discovered at the settlement at Tarławki included pottery, objects associated with bronze metallurgy, ornaments and dress accessories, tools and implements, other items (Fig. 11–14, 16). Pottery (ca 20 000 fragments) was mostly from early Iron Age (only 50 specimens were medieval). Vessels, of clay tempered mostly by addition of red and/or white crushed rock, were built by coiling. Only a number of smaller pieces were moulded from one lump of clay. Where they survived vessel bases were mostly flat and indistinct, more rarely, round or rounded. The largest group of vessels were roughened all over or most of their surface or daubed with fingers (smoothing is noted occasionally only on the vessel lip and in a narrow band above the base), ovoid or S-shaped. Similar texture is seen in some bowls. Pieces smoothed all over their surface are much less numerous and include mainly bowls, as well as vases and biconical vessels, ovoid and S-shaped pots, mugs and jugs as well as sieve-like specimens and miniature vessels. An even smaller group of vessels have a smoother upper and roughened lower body. A very large group are flat dishes, often richly ornaments. In other groups of vessels ornamentation is less frequent and consists of vertical and oblique strokes in various patterns, finger and finger-nail impressions, rows of indentations or holes, plastic projections, applied bosses or cordons, mock-cordon ornament and stamped ornament. A handful of specimens were decorated by hatching or impressing of textiles. Objects associated with bronze metallurgy – 300 pieces (Fig. 13, 15) included a large number of fragments of lost-wax clay moulds used to produce bracelets and neckrings, 5 or 6 fragments of two- or three-part clay moulds used in production of small axes. Other finds evidently associated with bronze metallurgy included fragments of clay crucibles and bowls (Fig. 12:24, 13:26?.27.28), fragments of mould spouts (Fig. 13:15–20) and inlets (Fig. 13:21–25), clay ladles (A. Waluś 1982, fig. 1f) and stone polishers (Fig. 13:29, 17:6). Ornaments and dress accessories included a bronze ring (Fig. 16:2), blue glass bead, fragment of an iron wire earring with 2 glass beads, a bronze wire spiral of nine coils of salta leone type (Fig. 16:3), as well as at least 3 bone pins (Fig. 16:4, 17:3). Implements included a fragmented clay spindlewhorl (Fig. 16:6), clay weight (?) (Fig. 16:7), and loom weight (Fig. 16:10), 12 stone polishers and rubbers (Fig. 16:8.11), whetstone (Fig. 16:13), fragment of a polishing slab (?) (Fig. 16:12), fragment of a quernstone, 5 pieces of worked flint. Objects of bone and antler included mostly awls and perforators (Fig. 16:9); at least two needles (Fig. 16:5), a bone haft (Fig. 16:14), fragment of a hoe (or hammer) from red-deer antler (Fig. 17:2), a scraper made of bone (Fig. 17:1). Iron finds included an iron awl and fragments of two knives (Fig. 16:15), the latter, as shown by metallographic analysis, are probably medieval. Less easily interpreted finds are a small funnel-like object made of clay (Fig. 16:16), and a stone find with two pits made in both its longer faces (Fig. 17:4). Mainly on the basis of pottery finds the settlement at Tarławki was dated to phase I of West Balt Barrow Culture (acc. to Ł. Okulicz) to early or 1st stage of phase III (HaD – middle LT), and the following stages of occupation were distinguished. Stage I, open settlement, is represented mainly by the older of the two bronze ‘casting workshops’ (feature no. 15). It operated during phase I of West Balt Barrow Culture. In a later period at least the higher lying area of the elevation was fortified with a stockade. Its remains were discovered both in the S rampart (layer V) as well as in the E rampart (Fig. 1:3). The small set of pottery from this period includes diverse forms of pots and bows, also, cups and plates (Fig. 14:1–10), dated to phase I West Balt Barrow Culture. After some time the settlement was enclosed with an earth-and-timber rampart in a crossed logs build. Presumably it bounded a larger area than the earlier stockade since its traces were discovered in the south rampart (layer III), east rampart and apparently also in the plots R35-36 in research zone II. It is unclear whether features no. 34 and 37 (layer IV of S rampart) should be attributed to the same stage of occupation or interpreted as remains of a different defensive structure. Ceramic material recovered from them (Fig. 14:11–18) did not include feature vessels decorated with groups of alternating oblique strokes whereas finger and finger-nail impressed ornaments cover a smaller area than in specimens recovered from layer V. The surviving remains of the rampart indicate that the fortifications of layer III were destroyed by fire but that the site was reoccupied by the people of West Balt Barrow Culture – this is indicated by features no. 27 and 28, cut into the remains of burnt timbers, containing vessel forms with flat and round bases (Fig. 14:19–23). By the presence of these ceramics the two features were assigned to phase II of West Balt Barrow Culture. The second ‘bronze casting workshop’ (feature no. 25) was younger, apparently established not earlier than during phase II of West Balt Barrow Culture. Its size and rich ceramic assemblage (Fig. 14:24–33) indicate that the workshop continued over a longer time, presumably even during early phase III. The latest archaeological features discovered in Tarławki are pits no. 21, 22 and 26. Pit no. 26 cut into the crumbling earth embankment of the rampart and contained mostly featureless ceramics (Fig. 14:34–37).
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Osadnictwo z okresu wczesnego średniowiecza w Sianowie, stan. 1, pow. koszaliński

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Dolata-Daszkiewicz I., Kamyszek L., Wiktorowicz P., Żygadło L.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2019
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vol. Tom XXVIII
s. 23-64
EN
The article presents archaeological discoveries in Sianów, Koszalin District. In the years 2015–2017 the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences conducted rescue archaeological research on the Site 1 in Sianów (AZP 13-22/17), Sianów Commune. The site is located 500 m north-west of the Sianów village and occupies the southern and south-eastern slope of the hill (Golec Hill; 26.60 m above sea level), about 200 m from its culmination (Fig. 1, 2). Based on the discovered artefacts, two settlement phases, falling into the Bronze Age/the early Iron Age and the Middle Ages, as well as three short-term settlement episodes associated with the economic exploitation of the site, which took place in the Mesolithic, the Neolithic and at the turn of the Eras, and the phase of economic exploitation in the Early Modern and the Late Modern periods, can be distinguished on the excavated part of the site. 19 features are connected with the medieval settlement (Fig. 3–6; Tables 1, 2), including 6 domestic pits (A92, A249, A273, A276, A278, B58), 5 extraction pits in the type of clay pits (A280, A280a, A280b, A280c, A280d), 7 fires/hearths (A88, A236, A237, A238, A275, B54, B55) and 1 functionally unspecified feature (A178). The set of early medieval pottery, consisting of 1154 fragments of vessels (Fig. 7–23; Table 3), three iron artefacts: a knife and two nails (Fig. 24: 3–5), as well as two fragments of rotary quern-stones – the half of the lower stone and the half of the upper stone (Fig. 24: 1, 2), were obtained in the course of the exploration of the immovable features and cleaning of the excavation surface.
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Ceramika kultur oksywskiej i wielbarskiej z Pucka na Pomorzu Wschodnim

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Chrupek S.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2019
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vol. LXX
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issue 70
203-210
EN
The article presents an analysis of the settlement pottery of the Oksywie and Wielbark Cultures obtained during excavations of the medieval town hall at Plac Wolności (Liberty Square) in Puck in the county of the same name in the years 2007–2010 (Fig. 1). The works yielded 988 potsherds, the majority of which represent the Oksywie culture and are dated to the Late Pre-Roman Period. Wielbark culture pottery from the Roman period was recorded in smaller numbers, as were the sherds characteristic of the Lusatian and Pomeranian Cultures not included in this study. Ceramic material occurred in a single layer under the primary humus, with only a few secondarily displaced fragments found in medieval layers. Neither settlement features nor distinct pottery clusters were observed in the prehistoric layer. The pottery of the Oksywie and Wielbark Cultures was classified based on the findings of A. Strobin (2011) and the study by R. Wołągiewicz (1993), respectively. Most of the very fragmented ceramic material consists of rim sherds and upper body sherds from large (Fig. 2:1–4, 3:1.2), medium (Fig. 3:3. 4:1), and small (Fig. 4:2–4) vessels of different forms and with mouth diameters smaller or equal to the greatest diameter of the body. Among the few identified specimens, there is a medium-sized, Oksywie Culture type V.L vase (Fig. 3:3) and a type VI.C cup (Fig. 4:5) acc. to A. Strobin (2011). A fragment of an inturned rim (Fig. 4:6) probably comes from a handleless type IA pot acc. to R. Wołągiewicz (1993), a form prevalent throughout the entire Roman Period. The shape of the rims (Fig. 2, 3, 4:1–5, 5:2–10) of the Oksywie and Wielbark vessels is characteristic of the pottery made from the end of phase A2 / beginning of phase A3 to the beginning of phase B1, which would indicate continued settlement of the both cultural units at the turn of the era in the area of the present-day market town square in Puck. The few ornamented sherds decorated predominantly with vertical, horizontal, or oblique grooves (Fig. 5:12–14) came from the vessels of both the Oksywie and Wielbark Cultures. The sherd with an obliquely incised applied band of clay separated from an ornament of grooved oblique chevrons forming a zigzag by a smooth band (Fig. 5:11) as well as another fragment covered with lines made with a comb (Fig. 5:15) are typical of the Wielbark Culture. An interesting find is the ceramic disc (Fig. 5:16). Until recently, such objects of unclear purpose have been encountered solely at the Przeworsk culture settlements and have appeared in the features associated with the Wielbark culture only at the multicultural sites in Juszkowo-Rusocin, Gdańsk County (J. Bednarczyk, A. Romańska 2011, 181, fig. II:4.5.8–11, pl. II:4.2) and Lipianki, Kwidzyn County (A. Strobin 2015, p. 138–139, figs. 14:2, 20:4, 33:9). The settlement of the Oksywie and Wielbark Cultures in Puck was situated near a cliff over the Bay of Puck (M. Starski 2011a, pl. 66, fig. 2); such a location is characteristic of the Kashubian Coast sites from the Late Pre-Roman Period (K. Przewoźna 1974a, 172; 1974b, 37). It could have belonged to the Oksywie Culture settlement cluster, composed of the settlements in Jastarnia, Ostrów, Białogóra, and Tupadły and the cemeteries in Karlikowo, Krokowa and Połchowo, all in the County of Puck. Unfortunately, it is difficult to characterise the settlement of the Oksywie and Wielbark Cultures in the area of Kępa Pucka and its surroundings in more detail, as for most of the local sites we only have very sparse information at our disposal.
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Osada z młodszego okresu rzymskiego w Łęgonicach, pow. grójecki

75%
Liana T.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2005
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vol. LVII
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issue 57
241-295
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Osada z młodszego okresu przedrzymskiego i okresu rzymskiego w Strzyżowie, pow. hrubieszowski, w świetle badań z lat 1935-1937 i 1939

75%
Prochowicz R.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2006
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vol. LVIII
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issue 58
265-281
EN
The first discoveries near the sugar-mill at Strzyżów (distr. Hrubieszów) were made in 1923. During several seasons of excavation (1935–37, 1939, 1952, 1958, 1961–63) the complex of sites at this location (Fig. 1) produced an exceptionally large quantity of materials, dating from the Neolithic through to the Medieval period, in the form of several score kilograms of ceramics as well as around a hundred metal, bone, antler and stone objects. The materials held at present by the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (PMA) and the Lublin Dept. of the National Centre for Historical Monument Studies and Documentation, was never analysed or published in full. The present article is concerned only with materials from the pre-1939 research by Zofia Podkowińska, now in keeping of the Iron Age Department, PMA. Pottery finds from pit 2 and a part of stray ceramics have been dated to phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period and classified as type ‘Werbkowice’. The following vessel forms are represented: type I (Figs. 4:7, 5:15, 6:3), II (Fig. 6:5.7), IV (Figs. 4:2.9, 5:4.9, 6:8), V.1 (Fig. 3:1.2), V.3 (Fig. 5:1. 5.11), V.6 (Fig. 5:18) and VI (Figs. 5:6, 6:1) acc. to the classification system developed for pottery from Werbkowice-Kotorów (T. Liana, T. Piętka-Dąbrowska 1962, p. 157–158; T. Dąbrowska, T. Liana 1963, p. 56–58). The site close to the sugar-mill at Strzyżów also produced fragments of Przeworsk Culture pottery from the Late Pre-Roman Period (Fig. 4:5) and Early Roman Period (Figs. 2:1, 3:7, 4:1.8). Also identified – for the first time with regard to the materials from Strzyżów – was the presence of Wielbark Culture finds from the Late Roman Period (Fig. 3:3.5). One of the more notable Wielbark finds is an incomplete bowl, type VIA (Fig. 2:6), which is ornamented above shoulder with an wide engraved band of ornament of at least three groups of patterns alternating with ‘separator’ motifs (Fig. 2:6a).
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Osada kultury późnej ceramiki wstęgowej ze stanowiska 22 w Rakowcu, gm. Kwidzyn, woj. pomorskie

63%
Kurzyk K., Kwapiński A., Ruta A.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2019
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vol. Tom XXVIII
s. 183-195
EN
Site 22 in Rakowiec has been discovered in 2003 during rescue excavation on the route of the gas pipeline from Kwidzyn to Gardeja. The site is located on a small hill at moraine upland on clay soils with small stoniness (fig. 1). During the research 2 basinshaped features (features 3 and 5 – fig. 3; 5), 224 fragments of pottery, 1 fragment of stone saddle quern and 3 handstones related to Late Band Pottery culture (post-LBK) have been found. Potsherds recovered from the site are most probably homogeneous and come from single phase. The analysis of pottery ornamentation and technological features has shown that we can synchronize site witch the Brześć-Kujawski group (phases II b-III of post-LBK by Czerniak 1994), most likely with the late phase. Artefacts from the feature 5 as well as shape and dimensions of the pit are analogues to cellars from post-LBK long houses usually discovered inside or near the houses (Czerniak 2005; Grygiel 2009). No traces of post-LBK long houses have been found at the site. It may be a result of significant site destruction and the absence of preserved foundation ditches as well as insufficient area of excavation (width up to approx. 7 m). On the other hand the discovered features can be associated with a small settlement, with a different type of buildings without the classic post-LBK “long houses”. To answer this question we need some more field research on a wider area.
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Osada z wczesnej epoki żelaza w Czarnoszycach stanowisko 6, gm. Człuchów

63%
Janiak R., Kaznodziej D., Trzciński Ł.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2022
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vol. Tom XXXI
41–64
EN
The settlement from Early Iron Age in Czarnoszyce site 1, Człuchów commune was discovered accidentally in 2017. Earlier that site was known in the Polish Archaeological Record (AZP) as a primeval settlement trace. The excavation conducted in 2018 covered 100 square metres. The small acreage was the result of the need for the exploration of the aeolian layers. A total thickness of those layers was 1.3 metres and was a result of the deforestation process in late medieval period or modern period. A few tree windthrows were found in the trench. The excavation yielded 11 features. In fills of nine of them there were many fragments of pottery vessels associated with the Wielka Wieś phase. They suggest dating back to the Hallstatt C period. The place was probably later settled by the Pomeranian culture community. But in the case of one feature, one radiocarbon date shows it should be dated back to the Roman Period. The south-western part of East Pomerania in Early Iron Age clearly formed a settlement cluster of the Wielka Wieś phase. Fourteen km south of Czarnoszyce excavations led to the discovery of a settlement unit (a settlement and a cemetery) in Chojnaty, Chojnice commune. The next settlement unit was located a bit further south, in Ostrowite, Chojnice commune. There, a few graves of the Wielka Wieś phase, as well as probably remains of a settlement were excavated. Those sites undoubtedly indicate a stabilization of the settlement in the Hallstatt C period. Therefore, the settlement in Czarnoszyce is likely another sample of the Wielka Wieś settlement network.
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Stanowisko ze schyłku epoki brązu i z wczesnej epoki żelaza w Dziecinowie, pow. otwocki

63%
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2008
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vol. LX
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issue 60
225-320
EN
The site at Dziecinów, distr. Otwock (central Poland) was discovered in 1990 during fieldwalking. Starting from 1999 it came under two seasons of regular rescue excavation. At present, the site largely has been lost to unauthorised sand extraction (Fig. 3). The investigation covered a total area of 1020 m2 and secured evidence on occupation during the late Bronze Age and early Hallstatt Period (Lusatian Culture settlement) as well as early Iron Age (Pomeranian Culture cemetery, Cloche Grave Culture cemetery) (Fig. 5). Of 56 features identified within the settlement (central and western part of the investigated site) 44 came under closer analysis. Finds recovered from the features (pits) included mainly pottery fragments as well as a smaller frequency of animal bones (7 features), flints (10 features) and daub. Basing on their size and fill the features were classified into a number of groups. Particularly interesting is a group of several pits which may be described as hearth pits or the remains of bonfires. Their fill, basin-like in shape and depth, contained charcoal, fragments of daub, sherds and, in feature 28, also small pieces of flint waste and numerous animal remains and mussel shells. The remaining settlement pits mostly were basin- or trapeze-shaped in cross-section, varied in size and the colour of their fill. They cannot be interpreted as dwellings and are likely to be the result of different types of economic activity not associated with production or processing. Presumably, most of these pits were used for stockpiling and storing food. This function of temporary granaries could have been served mainly by larger pits with a flat bottom (feature 73 and other features in its neighbourhood) which were found to contain traces of postholes, most likely from posts which supported the roofing or a primitive superstructure protecting their interior (Fig. 32). A number of mostly smaller pits with an irregular fill contained concentrations of burning possibly (Fig. 14, 22, 31, 39), the effect of partial burning of the contents of the pit (26, 82) or of dumping the remains of a fire into a pit (43, 67). A recessed area infused with charcoal in the lower part of feature 82 contained large lumps and sherds; in pit 67 on the periphery of the burning was found a small vessel (a cup without handle) and mollusc shells. Feature 50 (Fig. 25), an oval pit situated in the S area of the site away from the concentration of other settlement features, may have been used for storing clay but no evidence of pottery-making activity was discovered in its neighbourhood. Only a few small lumps of daub originated from the surface of the site and (possibly except for feature 82) no evidence that clay had been used for construction. A concentration of bog ore was discovered in the settlement (feature 49), of unknown purpose (Fig. 24). Animal remains recovered from the humus and the culture deposit included small fragments of teeth of cattle, horse, sheep/goat. Unburnt bones occurred in the hearth pits: in feature 28 – cranium and limb fragments of at least two horses; in feature 44 – bones of a large bovine; in features 28 and 67 – concentrations of mussel shells (genus Unio). The selection, number and manner of deposition of the animal remains suggest a purpose not related to economy (consumption or production) but rather, a ritual significance of the discovered animal remains. Flint finds (a total of 59) mostly originate from the surface and the settlement layer, mainly in the area of the concentration of the pits. In the whole assemblage the dominant form are chips of erratic flint. The most striking specimen is a stray find of a triangular arrowhead of erratic flint (Fig. 16d). Except for a small number of finds attributable to the Neolithic (among them flakes of Świeciechów and chocolate flint) flints representative of bipolar technique are characteristic for a younger age. Settlement ceramics were substantially fragmented and could be classified only very broadly. When it could be identified, the dominant form was ovoid or barrel-shaped (Fig. 9, 17, 29, 37, 40, 41). In a few specimens a slightly receding section under the rim gave them an S-shaped form. A common distinguishing feature in ovoid and barrel-shaped vessels is the roughening of the outer surface of most sherds, which tends to cover the whole surface of the vessel wall, except, at times, for a narrow strip just under the vessel rim, particularly, in specimens with a thickened or lightly everted rim. In most rim sherds, under the rim, irrespective of its form, are found rows of small openings. Just one specimen (from feature 44) could be classified as a vase, with a defined neck (Fig. 17n). A small number of sherds belonged to hemispherical or conical smoothed bowls, ladles and cups. The settlement pottery assemblage from Dziecinów included small sherds from eight flat dishes – of which only two occurred in the fill of feature 28 and 44 (Fig. 9n, 17h). Strainers were represented by a small rim sherd from a heavy vessel discovered in feature 43 (Fig. 17g). Noticeable in the settlement ceramics from Dziecinów is that ornamentation was very little in evidence. Just a few pottery fragments with surviving designs of ornamental character were recorded (Fig. 9a.c, 37b.z). The identified vessel forms and their technological attributes find numerous counterparts in the pottery of the Mazowsze-Podlasie Group of Lusatian Culture dated to Bronze Age V and early Iron Age (T. Węgrzynowicz 1973, p. 30–44, 53–62, 73, 79; U. Kobylińska 2003, p. 8–73). The abundance of sherds with openings under the rim, domination of ovoid and barrel-shaped forms and the presence of fragments of vessels with attributes typical for the Hallstatt Period (vessels with a profiled smoothed rim section, graphite-burnished ladles with carefully smoothed surfaces, ornament of hatched triangles) indicate that to a great extent the settlement was in use during this specific period. The type of features and the archaeological material originating both from the pits and from the surface of trenches indicate the non-residential character of the area. Conceivably, this part of the settlement was used for storing supplies. Traces of fires and hearths discovered in the N area of a concentration of features and on the borders of the settlement may be linked to various household jobs carried out by the villagers, including safeguarding their goods. The content of some of the features suggests the carrying out of magic practices, perhaps motivated by the wish to secure special protection for this place. Among the features investigated at the site 30 were identified as being associated with the functioning of a cemetery. They are graves of various types: cloche (15), single urned (3), collective urned (3) and pit (9) burials. They occurred across the entire investigated area, except for its north-western part (Fig. 5). Two certain graves with multiple urns were situated close to each other, in the eastern outlying area of the cemetery. Grave 1 contained at least fifteen vessels, in feature 2 there were eleven of them. In both cases the vessels had been deposited in a legible arrangement of rows, inside large pits lacking stone constructions (Fig. 42, 47). The features visibly differed in their furnishings. The pottery fragments from the inventory of the heavily damaged grave 1 were later reassembled into at least 4 urns. Originally they probably had lids which had largely deteriorated. The remaining vessels are of accessory type, including 3 cups and a bowl; the latter was discovered with one of the cups inside (Fig. 43). All the pottery is thin-walled, graphite-burnished, well smoothed and ornamented. One of the lids is hat-like, with no flange, 3 are conical or bowl-shaped, with broad indented grips. Non-ceramic grave furnishings included 3 bronze pins and fragments of a possible fourth, and another iron specimen– all of them swan-necked and loop-headed (Fig. 44a–d). The second group burial (grave 2) had the form of an oval pit, ca 2.6×1.1 m aligned approximately E-W. For lack of stone the walls of the pit were probably shored up with wood – this is suggested by darker smudges running along its sides; the bottom was of natural clay. The grave contained 10 vessels placed in two rows – 6 and 4 vessels to a row. Some of these (9) are strikingly similar in appearance, with no ornament and a low-set biconical rounded body. All had domed hat-like lids without a flange and with a small single finger indentation at the top (Fig. 49). Three urns contained the remains of small ornaments, eg, fragments of earrings of bronze wire and two bronze pins – a complete specimen, swan-necked and loop-headed (Fig. 44e–h.k–m.w.y). The only accessory vessel (or possibly, symbolic urn) stood next to a small bowl-like hollow--footed beaker (Fig. 50). The spatial relationship of the surviving bottom layer of features 14 and 15 suggests that they also are the remains of two burials (in urns?) deposited in a single pit. All the other graves were individual burials. In the class of single urned graves were classified heavily disturbed features 6, 47, 66 (Fig. 53, 72, 77). Next to pottery they yielded very small fragments of bronze objects. The urn from feature 6 was accompanied by several accessory vessels. The character of the ceramic inventory from this grave indicates its association with the collective burials, grave 1 in particular. Cloche graves (features 5, 13, 16, 29, 31, 34, 41, 46, 48, 62, 84, 85 and presumably, graves 1 and 2 and feature 37) occurred on their own, deposited in, on the whole, poorly defined pits; only two pits (29, 48) contained pyre remains. In a few burials the urns had been placed on supports and additionally set about with sherds. In two (62 and 48) base of the urn was set inside a bowl, in one (34) – on the base section of a vessel, and in grave 46 – on sherds from two vessels which also supported the rim of the cloche. The urns were accompanied by accessory vessels – jugs or cups. A special distinctive feature of a number of graves was the surrounding of the cloche with a ring of broken, at times, burnt vessels, mostly jugs, cups and bowls (Fig. 62, 67, 70a, 75). Most cloches are ovoid pots with a roughened outer surface and notched rim. In feature 85 the function of the cloche was taken by a large bowl with a roughened body and smoothed neck (Fig. 79j). Urns tended to be roughened ovoid vessels; in an exceptional number of cases, they were vase-like forms with a distinct neck. Of special note is a vessel from feature 84, with two solid handles set on its upper body (Fig. 79g). In the group of cups and jugs the dominant form are well-fired, thin-walled ornamented ‘vase-like’ ornamented specimens with a light brown smoothed surface. Of non-ceramic furnishings, seven graves yielded small burnt fragments of bronze, glass, bone and antler ornaments. The pit of a heavily damaged feature 29 contained fragments of bronze springs coiled around iron axles, the remains of fibulae (Fig. 44n.o). Unurned burials (21, 27, 39, 56, 24, 45) were deposits inside small pits with a ‘setting’ of sherds of partly burnt vessels (Fig. 68, 70b). Without exception, they all contained the remains of children and adolescents. Attributes of a ‘typical’ pit grave were exhibited also by feature 24 containing the remains of a child. The fill, next to the bone remains contained charcoal fragments and small potsherds. Feature 68 (Fig. 78), another pit grave (together with feature 68A) contained pyre remains and cremated remains of domesticated animals – cattle, sheep/goat and horse and (traces) of game animals – roe deer and a small mammal the size of a weasel (Mustela nivalis). This species composition is consistent (except for the absence of pig) with the set of species most commonly encountered in collective animal graves in cemeteries of Cloche Grave Culture (T. Węgrzynowicz 1976, p. 271–272, table 5; 1982, list 5, fig. 44a). In the 33 reliably determined human burials deposited within urns or grave pits, 43 individuals were identified. A half of this number are the remains of juveniles (infans I and II), in a number of cases, foetuses or newborns. Bones of children were also discovered in the neighbourhood of urns in cloche graves and in one of the multiple burials (feature 2). The graves held the remains of 12 women (4 uncertain determination) and 8 or 9 men (3 or 4 uncertain determinations). Single burials prevailed, the rest were double burials containing pairs of individuals: woman-child, man (uncertain)-child, man-woman. Cremated animal remains added to the human remains occurred in a number of burials in collective graves (grave 1, feature 2 – urns 2, 9 and 10, feature 14) and in some cloche graves (feature 13, 16, 31, 34, 48). A small quantity were crania of domesticated animals: cattle, sheep/goat ad pig, red deer; a larger quantity – the remains of undetermined species. Some could have been added to the human burials by accident. An intentional addition were presumably the fragments of red deer antler with traces of cutting discovered together with the remains of a child in urn 10 from feature 2. Description of the funerary ceramics was made using the classification of T. Węgrzynowicz (1984). In keeping with the adopted system analysis was made of over 90 vessels. Ultimately, 51 vessels were classified to the subgroup of pots (A1). Type I (smoothed vessels with a distinct neck), the most frequent, was represented mostly by specimens with a low-set body, recovered from collective graves. The next large set are vessels of type IV (roughened forms with no neck) originating from cloche graves. Subgroup B1 included 18 hemispherical or conical bowls. Most of them are unprofiled, representing type II. A few (type I) had been modelled with a light receding section under the rim forming a short neck. Type V is represented by a large bowl with a roughened neck which was used as a cloche in feature 85. Eight vessels were classified in the subgroup of jugs (A2), eleven – in the subgroup of cups (B2). The dominant form in these two subgroups are profiled, ornamented vase-like specimens of type I. Cups and jugs were uncommonly numerous at Dziecinów and accounted for ca 20% of all forms in general, their participation in ceramic material from Cloche Grave Culture deposits does not exceed 10%, and in graves of Pomeranian Culture they are even more rare. Outside the above classification are the distinctively shaped lids (grave 1, feature 2) and the hollow-footed beaker discovered in feature 2. These rare forms, encountered only exceptionally in ceramic inventories of Pomeranian Culture and Cloche Grave Culture, presumably take their origin in pottery of Lusatian Culture (M. Gedl 1973, p. 40, pl. I ff.; F. Hufnagel 1941, fig. 10:3, 16:8, 17:11; J. Janowski 1958, p. 283, pl. LXXI:2; L. Długopolska 1968, p. 290, fig. 12ł, 13c; S. Jasnosz 1983, fig. 128:2.3). Also the two-handled pot from feature 84 has direct Lusatian references (J. Kostrzewski 1926, p. 55–58; Z. Kaszewski 1975, pl. VI:7, VII:6, IX:8). Nearly a half of the funerary ceramics are ornamented. The largest number of ornamented vessels was noted in the group of cups and jugs. Richest decorations occurred on urns and lids from the collective grave 1. One of the lid fragments features a radiating pattern of ornaments executed using the technique of pricking or grooving (Fig. 45). A distinctive and rarely encountered design, seen on the upper body of four urns from grave 2, is a zigzag line. Ornamentation in the form of a wavy or zigzag line, not encountered in ceramics in Mazowsze, is known from a small number of specimens from Pomerania and a number of vessels from graves of Pomeranian Culture from central Poland (I. Jadczykowa 1975, pl. VI:1; 1992, pl. II:3.4, III:4, IV:7, X:3, XI:2). Among vessels classified to the subgroup of pots stands out a set of ‘pear-shaped’ urns from the inventory of the collective graves (grave 1, feature 2) and feature 6. The presence of this form, considered characteristic for Pomeranian Culture, in company of hat-like lids, in graves with a rite also attributed to Pomeranian Culture, is an important confirmation of the culture identification of these features. The domination of type IV and V vessels originating from cloche graves substantiates the earlier conclusions on the evident separate typological character of vessel sets of Pomeranian Culture and Cloche Grave Culture in the subgroup of pots (T. Węgrzynowicz 1984, p. 12–13, fig. 5–7). Cups, jugs and bowls found in number in the cloche graves, are represented in graves of Pomeranian Culture by isolated specimens (grave 1, feature 6). The great number in the deposits of Cloche Grave Culture of strongly profiled and richly ornamented jugs and cups combined with the domination in the cemetery of the cloche form of burial points to an early (Hallstatt) beginning of the cemetery (cf M. Andrzejowska 1995, p. 132 ff.). The only chronologically diagnostic items of grave furnishings are the fibula fragments from feature 29. Most probably they are remains of late Hallstatt brooches, known earlier as Certosa, the local variant of fibulae with a decorative foot (Fig. 44n.o), which help date feature 29 to the close of Hallstatt Period (phase D3), possibly, early La Tène Period (Z. Woźniak 1995, p. 202). Analysis of differences in the construction of the graves and their furnishings, of grave 1 and feature 2 in particular, as compared to the other features in the cemetery, leads to the conclusion on cultural differences of the burial rite at Dziecinów. The cemetery may be classified to the category of ‘mixed, Pomeranian-Cloche Grave’ cemeteries, containing graves with a distinct culture character (cf M. Andrzejowska 2005). It may be justified to claim that the site was used by two communities – representatives of the Pomeranian Culture and the Cloche Grave Culture. The majority of the graves were deposits made by the people of Cloche Grave Culture who presumably started burying their dead not later than at the time of transition from Hallstatt phase D to the La Tène Period. Collective graves are relics left by the people of Pomeranian Culture who, coming to Mazowsze presumably from central Poland, kept the cardinal features of their distinctive burial rite, at the same time, contributing elements of material culture indicative of a considerable degree of assimilation with the Lusatian substrate and the local environment of Cloche Grave Culture. The two cemeteries were situated on a site occupied earlier at least partly by a Lusatian Culture settlement. It seems that that the remains of settlement features were still visible on the surface of the land since no evidence of their disturbance was found. Even if we accept the view that Cloche Grave Culture developed in Mazowsze from a local Lusatian substrate (cf T. Węgrzynowicz 1995, p. 14), the time caesura separating the cemetery and the settlement remains undetermined. In the archaeological material from the settlement and the cemetery we find no clearly linking elements which could testify to the direct take over and continuation of local traditions.
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Materiały z wielokulturowej osady i cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej na stanowisku 1 i 2 w Oronnem, pow. garwoliński

63%
Czarnecka K.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2012
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vol. LXIII
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issue 63
115-144
EN
The greater part of site no. 1 at Oronne (comm. Maciejowice, distr. Garwolin, mazowieckie voiv.) was destroyed by earthworks and lost to a series of modern period cut features (Fig. 1, 2). The site was discovered by accident, reported to the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw in June 2004 and excavated in September 2004 and June 2005. Of 45 pits identified a vast majority are regularly spaced modern period features of unknown purpose (Fig. 4). Most of the archaeological material rested within the ploughsoil. Only pits 4, 9 and 44, are prehistoric features. Feature 8 and feature 18 have a Late Medieval date chronology. Feature 4 (Fig. 5) had the form of a pit with a non-uniform fill containing a small quantity of ceramic finds, including a few modern period sherds, lumps of daub, the handle of a clay spoon, type IV:2 of A. Michałowski, and fragments of pottery. Feature 8 (Fig. 6) was lost to a large modern period feature. Its black-coloured fill contained a concentration of stones, a segmented bead of opaque glass and a small quantity of pottery fragments. Its dating is late medieval – modern. Feature 18 (Fig. 7) is a pit, irregular of outline, with a fill containing fine fragments of ceramics, animal bones, lumps of daub, small lumps of corroded iron, 2 fragments of bronze sheet and a small glass bead. Its dating is late medieval-modern. Feature 9 (Fig. 8) is a small, deep pit with a fill containing several stones, isolated ceramic fragments and lumps of daub. Its chronology is hard to establish. Feature 44 (Fig. 9–11) was destroyed almost completely and survived only in its bottom part, which yielded a concentration of large stones and ceramics as well as the skull of a horse. The fill of this feature contained animal bones, a fragment of a clay spindlewhorl and several dozen larger and smaller vessel fragments, dated to the Late Pre-Roman Period. Attribution: Przeworsk Culture. The quantity of ceramic material discovered scattered within the ploughsoil and underneath is substantial, more than 10 kilograms, all of it greatly fragmented. This causes serious problems to chronological determination and culture attribution, which at times were unfeasible. The Lusatian Culture occupation (late Bronze Age to early Iron Age) is documented by a few dozen stray finds of pottery fragments (Fig. 14). The next phase is associated with material attributable to the Jastorf environment (Fig. 15). There are two incomplete clay spoons and a fragment of a firedog. Outside the territory of the Jastorf Culture and the Poieneşti-Lukaševka Culture (A. Michałowski 2004; T. Dąbrowska 1988, p. 186–188; 2008, p. 95–96) finds of these objects, not too common in any case, together with Jastorf type ceramics, attest to contacts and exchange with the Jastorf Culture which are still imperfectly understood. The large assemblage of Przeworsk ceramics discovered in the ploughsoil and the culture deposit (Fig. 16–18) mostly belongs in ceramic phase I, corresponding to the older segment of the Late Pre-Roman Period. In the group of stray ceramics there are fragments of vessels we can date to phase B2 (Fig. 19:149–152) and to the Late Roman Period (Wielbark Culture – Fig. 19:153.154). The stray find of a type A.128 fibula (Fig. 12:1), dated to phase B2/C1–C1a, is evidently associated with the Wielbark Culture. A cast fibula with a knob and a ‘frame’ foot similar to type A.185 (Fig. 12:3), belongs to a group of objects which, according to the recent analysis of J. Schuster (2004), are forms diagnostic for phases C2–C3 and have a distribution mostly in the region of the Vistula River mouth, Pomerania and western Brandenburg. Isolated specimens have been discovered on Bornholm (Kannikegård, grave 336) and in northern Mazowsze. The find from Oronne suggests contacts with the region of the Wielbark Culture settlement in the Vistula River mouth region. More problematic is culture attribution of a fibula classified to 2nd series of group VI (Fig. 12:2). It corresponds to type 122 or 124, of M. Schultze (1977, p. 76, pl. 9:122.124). Many specimens of this type, described as having ‘a stepped catchplate’, are recorded on the Przeworsk Culture territory – especially its southern part (K. Godłowski 1977, p. 28; P. Kaczanowski 1987, p. 62). They are assigned to phase C1 (M. Schultze 1977, p. 76; K. Godłowski 1977, p. 28). The form is unknown in the Wielbark Culture. Nevertheless, the fibula from Oronne may be associated with either culture. The connection with the Wielbark Culture is suggested by is raw material: bronze, since fibulae of this type discovered in Przeworsk deposits almost always are iron specimens. That the fibula has a design characteristic for the Przeworsk Culture while being made of raw material typical for the Wielbark Culture would be another argument to support close, neighbourly contacts and ties between the two culture groups. Among stray finds datable to the Roman Period is an iron awl (Fig. 12:5), a key (Fig.12:6), a fragment of a knife and fragments of metal sheet and wire (Fig. 12:7–11), attributable both to the Przeworsk and to the Wielbark Culture. This is true also of six spindlewhorls and a fragment of a clay weight, their form is too uncharacteristic to establish their culture attribution conclusively. An exceptional find from Oronne is a bronze coin discovered within the culture deposit (Fig. 12:25, 23): a fraction of a Maximianus Herculius follis struck in Alexandria around AD 296–297 (A. Bursche, K. Czarnecka 2006). Occupation of site 1 at Oronne during the Early Medieval Period is documented, next to some stray ceramics (Fig. 20), by the dating of feature 8, presumably a sort of a hearth, which yielded a segmented glass bead, a form dated to the 12th–13th cc. (Fig. 6:1). To the north of site 1, on a wooded scarp, is Oronne, site 2, a grave-site attributed to the Przeworsk Culture, possibly also, to the Wielbark Culture. The distance between the two sites in a straight line is small, about 250 m. The burial ground is known from an accidental discovery and never came under more regular archaeological excavation. The materials submitted – a sword, two shield-bosses, a shield-grip and a spear-head, a small knife and ring – are typical furnishings of the Przeworsk Culture graves during phases A3 and B1. Two buckles – type AH15 and a bronze buckle plate, presumably a type AH29 (Fig. 22:9.10), are forms datable to the end of the Roman Period, but also to the Migration Period, and their connection with the grave-site is obscure. Chronologically the oldest item is the heavily corroded shield-boss (Fig. 21:2), type B.8 (type 15 of T. Bochnak 2005, p. 108, pl. XXXIX), dated to phases A3 and A3/B1. The shield-boss, type J.5 (Fig. 21:3) and the shield-grip, type J.6 (Fig. 21:4), dated to the onset of phase B1, may be elements of the same shield. The spear-head, type V (P. Kaczanowski 1995, p. 17), is an Early Roman Period form (Fig. 21:5). This is probably also the dating of the knife and the ring (Fig. 22:7.8) which is interpreted as a grip. These objects were submitted together and could represent a single assemblage. The shield-boss with the shield-grip, the spear-head, the knife and ring, are typical furnishings of the first group of weapon graves of K. Godłowski (1992, p. 72, fig. 1). The sword (Fig. 20:1), may be classified to type A2 of M. Biborski (1978, p. 117, fig. 62), dated to the Early Roman Period, chiefly to phase B1, or to type G of T. Bochnak (2005, p. 69, pl. XX:1). Its Early Roman Period dating, phase B1, suggests that we can place it a single assemblage together with the earlier discussed shield-boss type J.5, and shield-grip, type J.6. The difference of chronology between the sword types named here may be deceptive as in the Przeworsk Culture weapons there is not clear cut dividing line between the end of the Late Pre-Roman Period and the onset of the Roman Period (T. Bochnak 2005, p. 171). Basing on the incomplete archaeological record from Oronne we can only conclude that there used to be a grave-field of the Przeworsk Culture, presumably during the Late Pre-Roman and the Early Roman Periods and that the site was penetrated also during the Migration Period. Despite serious destruction of the site, and consequently, the patchy archaeological record, the investigation made at Oronne furnished an interesting input: evidence on the Lusatian Culture occupation, occupation during the Late Pre-Roman Period attesting to connections with the Jastorf environment. The site may have been under the Przeworsk Culture settlement during the Early Roman Period, this is confirmed indirectly by archaeological material from the neighbouring grave-field (site 2) dated to phase B1. The Wielbark Culture occupation is suggested by the presence of fibulae and the coin although we cannot establish whether the settlement continued over a longer period.
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Warszawa-Grochów "ul. Górników" - cmentarzysko z wczesnej epoki żelaza

63%
Andrzejowska M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2012
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vol. LXIII
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issue 63
33-114
EN
Known alternately as Witolin, site 2, and Warszawa-Grochów, Ostro¬bramska Street, the site “ul. Gór¬ników” is situated in the Praga district of Warsaw on the southern slope of one of the dunes bordering the right-hand bank of the Vistula. At present this area is fully under urban development (Fig. 1, 2, 4) and the Górników Street itself, recorded on early maps of Warsaw, is no more. The site was discovered by chance in 1946. A fragment – 20 m2 – was excavated in 1947 by Maria Gądzikiewicz from the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. More finds surfaced in 1965 and 1968. Archaeological excavation was resumed in 1973 and continued until 1975, run by Jan Michalski and Hanna Młynarczyk from the state monuments conservation atelier Pracownia Konserwacji Zabytków who investigated a total 2343 m2. Previous to this research the site had suffered much depredation resulting in a loss or partial destruction of many archaeological features. Next to graves associated with a grave-field of the Cloche Grave Culture – the largest group –exploration was made of features attributed to the Pomeranian Culture and the Lusatian Culture, and several features associated with an early medieval cemetery which included some finely preserved inhumation graves. Archaeological material and documentation from this research passed to the State Archaeological Museum, recorded under inventory numbers III/1465, III/6049 and V/7227. The present study gives a presentation and a discussion of Bronze and Early Iron Age finds deriving from 82 features – primary or secondary, the latter formed of redeposited remains of destroyed graves. Included in the present analysis are funerary ceramics from the chance finds made in 1956 and 1968. The features associated with the early medieval cemetery will be the subject of a separate study. Eleven pits identified during the excavation were interpreted as archaeological features. Most of them were in the southern fragment of the investigated site. Their shallow, basin-like fill, generally contained very small and uncharacteristic fragments of pottery, charcoal, as well as a number of flints. Features 77 and 95 yielded pottery fragments with small perforations under the rim; feature 77 additionally held several flints: a fragment of a core (scraper?), some flakes (one retouched) and spalls. Three features (45, 54, 69) contained inserts of dark black earth rich in charcoal fragments, small fragments of pottery, in feature 54, such an insert also contained some burnt stones. These may be identified as the remains of fires/hearths and linked with a settlement of the Lusatian Culture from its final phase, earlier than the grave-field. The other pits may be interpreted as relics of funerary practices and some other forms of using the burial ground but there is no evidence to support this interpretation. The graves spread over a fairly large area occurring on their own or in irregular clusters divided by distinct empty spaces, in a way which is characteristic for many grave-fields from the Early Bronze Age recorded in Mazowsze. Of 41 features classified in the category of cloche graves only 27 actually were found to contain a legible ceramic structure, complete with a well preserved cloche. The cloche graves, discovered mainly in the central strip and in the eastern fragment of the investigated area, occurred with a varying intensity without forming distinct concentrations. At the same time, there was a number of “paired” features found close to each other, at least one of them a cloche grave. A more outstanding tandem (features 2.1 and 2.2) had the form of two communicating pits containing three actually child burials. In cloche graves the inventories predominantly consisted of a “classic” set of ceramics – a cinerary urn with the bowl placed over its opening and the cloche. In feature 16 the urn rested under two cloche vessels placed one over the other. In a few poorly preserved features no urns or their bowl lids were identified. In features 14, 16, 28 and 96 the urn rested on a ceramic stand (inserted into the bottom of another, incomplete pottery vessel) or on a “pavement” of pottery sherds. In addition, the bottom of the pit of grave 16 had a lining of daub and small stones. There is no evidence that the urns and the cloches were set about with rocks or sherds. The cloches are a mixed group of egg-shaped jars with a high-set shoulder and a roughened surface. A smaller group are large, broad-bodied necked vessels, the neck having a smoothed surface. Among the urns the dominant form ware profiled, necked vessels with a body either smoothed or roughened. And there is evidence that a handled cup was used for an urn at least once (feature 3/47). More than 40% cloche graves contained non-ceramic grave goods, mostly, very small, usually very poorly preserved bronzes. The largest assemblage is from a destroyed feature 55 and consists of fragments of iron ornaments and remains of earrings (bronze rings) retaining small fragments of chains and glass beads. Feature 28 yielded an antler haft and a sheet iron clasp with a rivet. Ten features were interpreted as the remains of single urn graves without stone constructions. Like the cloche graves, the urn graves although they tended to occur in the eastern zone of the investigated area formed no apparent clusters. On three occasions burials had been deposited in a handled cup (children), on five occasions (two children, three adults) in a small egg-shaped jar. Some graves had been provided with a fragment of a pottery vessel, a flat cake of clay (feature 2.2) or a flat stone (33) placed under the urn or used as a lid. In two graves (features 17, 30) next to the urn there were accessory vessels – small handled cups. In feature 17 inside the urn was a bronze dress pin, its head hammered flat folded into a loop. The pit of feature 30 yielded two small iron rivets and three small fragments of iron sheet. A unique burial rested inside a stone cist (feature 5) deposited in a pyriform urn with a hat-like lid and accompanied by an accessory vessel. Mixed with the remains of the cremation was a small fragment of a bronze object. Close to the cist grave there were the remains of some fully destroyed graves, at least two, containing multiple vessels, without evidence of a stone setting or cist (features 4, 11). They were recorded as clusters of pottery on the margin of a large refuse pit. The total number of the destroyed urns may be reconstructed from the fragments of at least 14 hat-like lids or bowl-lids. Presumably in these graves the function of urn was served by vase-like vessels of various sizes and some of the handled cups/jugs, used also as accessory vessels. Fragments of similar pottery (including a fragment of a hat-like lid) surfaced also in the fill of feature 12 found nearby, fully destroyed. The bottom of the backfilled pit of this grave had a lining of a few small stones. Features 4, 5, 11 and 12 were interpreted as relics of the Pomeranian Culture graves. The bone remains recovered from the cloche graves and urn graves of assorted types were found to belong to 56 individuals, more than a half of them adults (33). This differs from the situation observed in other grave-fields from the Early Iron Age where child burials prevail. Similarly as at Warszawa-Henryków, Warszawa-Zerzeń or Dziecinów, in the grave-field under analysis there was an observable tendency to give special treatment to the youngest burials. More outstanding in this respect were the urn graves which mostly, although not exclusively, were used for child burials, which, moreover, were deposited in handled cups and small egg-shaped jars. Twelve pit graves were discovered in the central and eastern area of the site. A few of them were almost fully eroded. It appears from observation of the better preserved graves that the cremated bones, found inside them in the form of a caked mass, had been placed in the pit in a container (urn) made of organic material, no traces of which survive at present. One burial which definitely belongs in the category of unurned pit graves is documented by the remains of a small child that were identified around the cloche in the pit of feature 2.1. The other burials (eleven of them subjected to osteological analysis) contained only, or for the most part, burnt animal bones, almost invariably, of horses, on occasion, of cattle. Only feature 13 was found to contain the bone remains of a small child. Five pit graves yielded small bronze and iron objects, including small buttons, rivets, an iron loop (“eye”) and an awl. They make up around 24% of the total number of features in the grave-field containing non-ceramic grave goods. Animal graves occurred on their own (10/47, 32, 41, 43) or in pairs (all the others), in the neighbourhood of the cloche graves and of a non-typical urn grave (feature 34) holding the human cremation and some cremated bones of horse or cattle. A small quantity of animal remains was recorded in a total of 14 human graves of diverse types, except for features 2.1, 79, all of them adult burials. Mostly the bones were those of a large mammal, and on one occasion of sheep/goat (feature 1/47) and roe deer (feature 5). Using the classification of T. Węgrzynowicz analysis was made of a total of close to 115 vessels a half of which were included in the sub-group of jars (A1). Over 40 vessels were bowls (B1), the remainder – jugs and handled cups (A2, B2). Typological analysis confirmed differences in the form and manner of surface finish, noted in earlier studies, of vessels used to furnish graves recognized as relics of the Pomeranian Culture as compared to the pottery from features attributed to the Cloche Grave Culture. The majority of vessels recovered from features 5, 4, 11 are forms classified as type A1I, variant a or b. These are vase-like, gently profiled pots, smoothed all over, with a relatively low-set belly. The most distinctive specimen in this group has a high funnel neck and is engraved with a pectoral – a vessel of similar shape (with the image of a face and a pectoral) surfaced in a cist grave at Sochaczew-Trojanów, another outstanding specimen is a pyriform vessel with a very high neck and a body roughened between the shoulder and the base which finds the closest analogy in a face urn from Rzadkowo, distr. Piła. The vessels discovered in these features were provided with lids, some of them hat-shaped, typical for the Pomeranian Culture. One of the graves contained a fragment of a face urn – a ceramic ear with three perforations. The pottery discovered in the Pomeranian Culture features is relatively thin-walled, its surface almost invariably well smoothed, frequently glossy. Except for the urn from feature 4, decorated with a representation of a pectoral, ornamentation of other vessels, including their lids, is limited to rows of minute punctures or diagonal grooves, common in the Cloche Grave Culture ceramics. Attributes of the ceramic furnishings in graves 4 and 11 correspond to the description of inventories of similar features of mixed character recorded in a number of other grave-fields in Mazowsze. Among the ceramic finds from graves associated with the Cloche grave-field the most frequent types are IV and V, variant c. These are vessels with a high-set body, roughened all over, no neck, and also, forms with a roughened belly, which typically is separated from a smoothed neck by a plastic cordon. Vessels displaying similar attributes, often encountered in “classic” grave inventories in the role of cloches and burial urns, are recognized as a ceramic marker of “classic” Cloche Grave Culture assemblages. A vessel type more in evidence than in most Cloche grave-fields are wares (mostly cloches) classified as type IIIc but close in their outlook to types Vc and VIc. This is because there is a relatively high frequency of egg-shaped jars with a roughened surface, the neck poorly marked, in some specimens indicated only by leaving a randomly levelled or smoothed band below the rim. Type V is also represented by a number of vessels without a cordon in which the roughening ends below the base of the neck. Cordons separating the neck from the vessel body, smooth or corrugated by impressing or incision, at times, provided with small knobs or lugs, appear only on six urns and six cloches, types A1I and A1V. Individual, flat bosses were noted twice. Absolutely unique is the placement of a group of three knobs on the body of an uncharacteristically profiled bowl discovered in feature 2.2. Also uncharacteristic are short, corrugated cordons applied diagonally onto the wall of the cloche from feature 55 which diverge from the arrangement typical for vessels used as cloches – of a festoon or tassels of a tied cord. The surface of several vessels, including a bowl (from features 37, 42, 44, 57 96), was covered by a dense network of intersecting grooves made with a comb. Decorative designs seen on other vessels include opposed groups of diagonal grooves pendant from the base of the vessel neck and circumferential arrangements of oval or sub-circular stamped impressions. The urn from grave 55 and the handled cup from feature 30 feature a rare design of circular indentations with a marked centre impressed using a fine tube-like object. A few jars and bowls have handles, in three cases with, at its base, applied cord “tendrils”. Finally, non-functional lugs, more likely to play the role of a decorative element, appear on several profiled cloches and urns, at the transition from the neck to the body, and in some bowls, below the rim. Non-ceramic grave furnishings were recorded in 21 features, i.e., in approximately a third of all the features (not only burials) subjected to analysis. The largest group are bronzes but there is also a significant number of identifiable iron objects (ca. 15). The best preserved bronze objects are the following: tweezers, discovered in feature 24 next to the remains of a horse, and possibly a fragment of a similar object – “arms and a slide”, from a cloche grave (?) recorded as feature 46, and a straight dressing pin with the top hammered and folded into an eye – from feature 17. Features 3, 40 and 90 yielded fragments of small bronzes which may be described as “buttons” or “tags”, possibly, dress accessories, alternately, as elements of horse harness or other accessories associated with keeping animals. From feature 55 come fragments of personal ornaments without analogy in the Cloche Grave Culture assemblages recorded in Mazo¬wsze, namely, fragments of an iron neckring fashioned from a twisted square-sectioned wire, and a bracelet (of multiple coils?) from a strip of metal sheet. They were accompanied by small fragments of iron and bronze rings (earrings?) and melted glass. Feature 37 yielded the shaft of an iron swan-neck pin. Its head did not survive but we have reason to believe its shape had been similar to that of the bronze pin discovered in feature 17. Animal grave (feature 19) held two objects made of iron: a length of square-sectioned rod folded into a loop (an “eye”) and a short awl, partly square and partly round of section. Fragments of an object made of elk antler with a design of concentric rings with a dot at centre discovered in feature 28 were interpreted as the remains of a haft-handle of some implement. The seriously devastated condition of the grave-field and the partial or full destruction of many features make it difficult to establish the correlation between the position, structure and inventory of the graves. Nevertheless we can say that the construction of some of the graves belonging to the Cloche cemetery, particularly the nature of their inventories, displays a similarity to the model known from the Lusatian Culture grave-fields. Similarly arranged and furnished features recorded in Warszawa-Grochów, site “Brylowszczyzna”, have been attributed to the Lusatian Culture and, in case of graves covered with a cloche, recognized as early burials of the Cloche Grave cemetery. Stylistic and ornamental features of some other vessels from Warszawa, “ul. Górników”, recorded in the Lusatian Culture grave-fields in Warsaw, i.e., site “Brylow¬szczyzna”, and at Miedzeszyn, recall the pottery known from sub-units of the Lusatian Culture – the Upper Silesian-Lesser Poland Group (grupa górnośląsko-małopolska) and the Tarnobrzeg Group. This would confirm our assumption that in its emergence the Cloche Grave Culture in Mazowsze drew on local Lusatian traditions but with a significant contribution made by culture elements deriving from the south and the south-west. The onset of this process which, apparently, is legible also in the grave-field under discussion, presumably took place around the middle of period Ha D. This chronology finds support also in the dating of the majority of analogies to the non-ceramic finds from our grave-field. Their distribution range suggests that some of these objects, particularly iron, were brought to central and eastern Mazowsze and Podlasie from the territory of the Tarnobrzeg Group or, possibly, from the European forest-steppe zone within the area of influence of Scythian cultures. Direct contacts with the region to the east are suggested by the appearance in the Cloche Grave Culture assemblages of pottery with a stroked surface and the spread of corrugated cordons applied to the vessel wall and rim. Also eloquent is the increase, observed in the Cloche grave-fields, of the importance of animals, particularly horses, evidenced by a special funerary rite and the presence in human and animal grave inventories of objects associated with the breeding and utilization of animals. Analysis shows that the grave-sites “Brylowszczyzna” and “ul. Gór¬ników” were in use during an approximately the same period, possibly until the appearance at the close of the Hallstatt Period of graves displaying “Pomeranian” features. The grave-field Warszawa-Grochów “ul. Górni¬ków” could have been continued (or used in parallel) by the same community established nearby, at the convergence of Zamieniecka and Zagójska Streets, where during the 1920s a dozen-odd graves were excavated and associated with the Cloche Grave Culture cemetery.
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Wyniki interwencyjnych badań archeologicznych przeprowadzonych w 2020 roku w Kamieńcu, gm. Kołbaskowo

63%
Dworaczyk M.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2021
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vol. 17
55-65
EN
Kamieniec 45, site originally classified as Rosówko 5 (AZP 32-04/132), was discovered during field walking in 2011. At that time it was defined as a “settlement trace” from the early medieval period. Based on the recent discoveries of five features, the function of the site has been changed. It is now a “settlement”, the chronology of which – based on a small group of potsherds – has been initially set to the 11th and 12th centuries.
PL
Stanowisko nr 45 w Kamieńcu – pierwotnie oznaczone jako Rosówko, stan. 5 (AZP 32-04/132) – odkryte zostało w trakcie badań powierzchniowych przeprowadzonych w 2011 roku, jednak wówczas określono je jako ślad osadniczy z wczesnego średniowiecza. Na podstawie ostatnich odkryć pięciu obiektów dokonano zmiany funkcji stanowiska. Jest to osada, której chronologię – opierając się na nielicznym zespole ułamków naczyń glinianych – wstępnie ustalono na XI–XII wiek.
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Pierścień z osady kultury przeworskiej w Izdebnie Kościelnym, województwo mazowieckie, stanowisko 1

63%
Kołacz M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2001
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vol. LV
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issue 55
87-93
EN
In 1976–78 a team of archaeologists from the Institute of Archaeology of Warsaw University investigated a Przeworsk culture settlement at Izdebno Kościelne. The presence of two settlement horizons was established: one from the Younger Pre-Roman Period, the other, from the Late Roman Period. A small quantity of Early Iron Age material was also recovered. A fragment of a black notched ring was discovered on the surface of the trench within the culture layer. It represents roughly 2/3 of the original hoop and has an internal diameter of some 16 mm. The ring features a flat 12 by 7 mm plate in the form of a rectangle with rounded shorter sides. Tapering “arms” of the ring form on the upper surface a series of slightly irregular, gently profiled segments, of which ten have survived on the longer and two on the shorter arm of the ring. The glossy surface of the ring is deep black in colour1 (Fig. 1). Specialist analyses – not fully conclusive – show that the ring was made of glass; its chemical composition was probably as follows: Na2O – 9,4%; Al2O3 – 2,1%; SiO2 – 47,7%; NaCl – 2,4%; CaO – 7,1%; FeO – 32,6%. The specimen in question has analogies among glass jewellery of the Roman Empire. In the first centuries of our era glass was used as a substitute for precious gemstones being an attractive and relatively inexpensive raw material for jewellery making. Unlike glass beads a large number of which found its way to the Barbaricum glass rings are much more rare in Przeworsk territory: previously, only two fragmentary specimens have been recovered, both from the settlement at Jakuszowice, gm. Kazimierza Wielka, in Little Poland (Małopolska). The ornament of smoothly shaped notches seen on the ring from Izdebno finds analogies among black glass bracelets from Palestine. The latter are dated to AD 2nd –4th c. This suggests that the ornament in question originated in the environment of Middle Eastern workshops and represents an import on Przeworsk Culture territory brought there from the Roman Empire.
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Osada ludności kultury łużyckiej w Deszcznie, pow. Gorzów Wielkopolski

63%
Kozłowska D.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2012
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vol. 9
51-100
EN
Materials presented in this article are the result of two seasons of excavations. At the outset, it is worth noting that the location of the settlement in Deszczno, in the so-called contact zone, makes it interesting from a sources aspect and from a ‘Pomeranian perspective.’ The site 11/13 in Deszczno belongs to the open settlement type. All features recorded there were below ground ones. Amongst them pits of unrecognized function (118) and postholes (70) dominate. Furthermore, 65 oval and circular pits, rectangular or trapezoidal in section were recorded, which hypothetically are the remains of cellars or proper storage pits. Hearths occurred in the settlement in question only rarely. Despite excavating a large area of the settlement its spatial organization is not clear. Unfortunately, the poor state of the features’ preservation does not allow for a more detailed interpretation of their functions. Remains of probable dwellings, which are one of basic elements in distinguishing hypothetical farms’ boundaries, were recorded occasionally. It can be assumed that large, irregular features are only the sunken parts of larger overground buildings. Unfortunately, it was impossible to find any evident remains of this type of construction linked with dwellings. It is also difficult to perceive a division of space into separate zones, such as residential and agricultural or production and agricultural ones. Production and agricultural features were scattered within the entire excavated area. Numerous and chronologically diverse materials discovered on the site indicate the long-term use of the place, at least from the late Bronze Age to the Middle Ages. The settlement in question, related to communities of the Lusatian culture, was present here as early as from period IV of the Bronze Age. This is indicated by infrequent but evident elements of the Uradz style of pottery decoration. Its small number on the site seems to match the general trend in the occurrence of this type of pottery in Greater Poland and the Lubusz Land region. According to M. Kaczmarek, it may indicate that the phenomenon of the Uradz style was of slightly shorter duration than was assumed and covered only a part of period IV of the Bronze Age. Perceptible settlement activity occurred on the site during the next stage dated to the turn of period V of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. This period also marks the beginning of phenomena associated with the development of settlement of the Górzycka group of the Lusatian culture encompassing areas on both sides of the lower Warta and Noteć River basins as well as the middle and lower Odra River. The increased activity of this group in the aforementioned zone is confirmed by discoveries of numerous sites.
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Materiały z epoki brązu i z okresu wpływów rzymskich na stanowisku 35 w Dzierżysławiu, pow. głubczycki

63%
Nawalany K.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2013
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vol. LXIV
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issue 64
161-172
EN
Site 35 at Dzierżysław, distr. Głubczyce, lies in the loess Głubczyce Plateau close to the Morawka River valley bottom. An archaeological excavation carried out in 1997–2005 resulted in the discovery of relics of settlement, Palaeolithic through to the Roman Period (M. Połtowicz 2000; B. Ginter, M. Połtowicz 2001; 2002; 2004a; 2004b; 2006; B. Ginter, M. Połtowicz-Bobak 2009). The article reports on the materials from the younger phases of settlement associated with the Nowa Cerekwia Group, Lusatian Culture and Przeworsk Culture. The phase of settlement linked with the Nowa Cerekwia Group is represented by a single feature (no. 1) only, containing a small quantity of vessel fragments, as wekk as by a small number of fragments of pottery recovered from the culture deposit. These finds have analogies in other sites of the Nowa Cerekwia Group in Upper Silesia, dated to Bronze Age I. Lusatian Culture occupation is documented by a slightly larger quantity of finds, all of them pottery, recovered from the culture deposit or re-deposited within Przeworsk Culture features. Of relevance for their dating is the presence of fragments of vessels decorated on their lower body with horizontal engraved lines. This type of ornament is characteristic for wares dated to Bronze Age III, for example, in the cemetery at Kietrz. Features 2 and 3 were attributed to the Przeworsk Culture as well as a significant amount of the material from the culture deposit. These are mostly fragments of hand-built pottery. The group may be separated into two basic groups – coarse wares and thin-walled ceramics with a black, smoothed surface. This pottery corresponds to technological groups I and II in the classification system of K. Godłowski (1977, p. 164, 166–167). The dominant form of the coarse ware are jar-like and bowl-like vessels, whereas tableware is represented chiefly by assorted bowls and cups. One of the more outstanding Przeworsk Culture artefacts is a bone comb with an openwork ornament recovered from feature 2 (Fig. 5:1). It has many analogies in the basin of the Havel River, the Bohemian Basin, and in the western zone of Przeworsk Culture territory. It may be dated to between phase B1 and phase B2/C1 (S. W. Teuber 2005, p. 187–190). Equally interesting is a bone dress pin with an unprofiled head, from feature 3 (Fig. 6:1). Similar forms are known from Przeworsk Culture settlements in Upper Silesia, the Bohemian Basin, from the basin of the Elbe River and the Wielbark Culture territory (B. Beckmann 1966; Z. Brońska 1993, p. 56; R. Wołągiewicz 1984, p. 46; A. Dulkiewicz 2009). Bone dress pins are dated to phase B1b through to phase C1, their variant with an unprofiled head given a later dating (K. Godłowski 1977, p. 42). Also attributable to the Przeworsk Culture is a weaving tablet made of bone, two clay beads, and two whetstones (Fig. 5:2.3.5, 6:16.17), less useful for refining the chronology of the settlement. Analysis of the finds inventory from site 35 at Dzierżysław indicates that prehistoric settlement here unfolded in three phases. The first of phase is datable to Bronze Age I, the second, to Bronze Age III, the last – to the Early Roman Period.
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