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EN
The study aims at an analysis of the servitude of transmission as a form of restriction of the ownership. The author is contrasting the legal status of landlords from the times before servitude of transmission was established and after its implementation. The author is of the opinion that taking into consideration the vast range of powers the landlords have today, servitude of transmission may be treated as, at least, a favorable adjustment.
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EN
The information disseminated by the media on planned and implemented changes in the waste management system recently gave rise to a widespread thesis that municipalities would take over ownership of municipal waste. This statement, repeated many times, has become imprinted in the public consciousness. It has even entered the language used in law, serving as a kind of mental shortcut. Therefore, it may be worthwhile to analyse on its meaning to determine whether it really reflects current state of affairs. The purpose of this article is to present the conclusions of the legal analysis of the title to waste due to individual legal entities involved in the process of waste management. At first glance, a reflection on the ownership of municipal waste appears to be void of any significance to the legal or economic extent. However, the conclusions derived from it are not completely free from practical implications, be it, for example, in the event of a theft of waste. At the background of such reflections lies waste management being a real challenge to the modern world, and, at the same time, a profitable sector of the economy. There is big money that may be generated from waste removal, management and subsequent recycling. The report prepared by the Bank of America Merrill Lynch in April 2013 ‘No time to waste – global waste primer’ estimates the global market for municipal waste amounting to about 410-430 miliard US dollars, and the broadly understood waste management sector (including radioactive waste, medical waste or garbage incinerators) to one billion US dollars.
PL
Informując o planowanych, a następnie wprowadzonych, zmianach w systemie gospodarowania odpadami, media spopularyzowały stwierdzenie, że gminy przejmą własność odpadów komunalnych. Hasło to, powtarzane wielokrotnie, utrwaliło się w świadomości społecznej. Trafiło nawet do języka prawniczego, jako swoisty skrót myślowy. Warto zatem podjąć refleksję nad jego sensem i prawdziwością. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie wniosków z analizy tytułu prawnego do śmieci, jaki przysługuje poszczególnym podmiotom prawnym zaangażowanym w proces gospodarowania odpadami od ich powstania do utylizacji. Rozważania na ten temat z pozoru wydają się pobawione jakiejkolwiek doniosłości w sferze prawnej czy ekonomicznej. W istocie wnioski z nich płynące mają praktyczne znaczenie, choćby w kontekście kradzieży odpadów. Warto pamiętać, że w tle owych rozważań znajduje się proces gospodarowania odpadami będący wyzwaniem dla współczesnego świata i jednocześnie dochodową gałęzią gospodarki. O wielkich pieniądzach, jakie wchodzą w grę, można mówić zarówno w kontekście rynku usług wywozu i zagospodarowywania odpadów komunalnych, jak i zysków z odzysku surowców wtórnych. Dość powiedzieć, że przygotowany przez Bank of America Merrill Lynch w kwietniu 2013 r. raport „No time to waste – global waste primer” szacuje wartość światowego rynku odpadów komunalnych na kwotę ok. 410-430 mld USD, w rozumianej zaś szeroko branży śmieciowej (w tym odpady radioaktywne, medyczne czy spalarnie śmieci) – na bilion dolarów.
EN
This paper contains general characteristics of a regime (being an institutional system) and a discussion on the specificity of socialism as a type of regime and its repressiveness. It also presents the type of institutional changes implemented after socialism and, in particular, in the wording of the laws and the system of types of organisation. Against this background, institutional factors fundamental for economy are analysed, and two main aspects of law enforcement and administration of justice: the (in)effectiveness and (in)justice are discussed with a special focus on Poland’s reality.
PL
Artykuł zawiera ogólną charakterystykę ustroju (systemu instytucjonalnego), a następnie omawia specyfikę socjalizmu jako ustroju, podkreślając jego represyjność. Kolejnym tematem są typy zmian instytucjonalnych po socjalizmie, zwłaszcza w treści praw oraz w systemie typów organizacji. Na tym tle analizowane są te czynniki instytucjonalne, które mają szczególne znaczenie dla gospodarki. Omawiane są dwa fundamentalne aspekty aparatu ścigania i wymiaru sprawiedliwości – generalnie i ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Polski: (nie)efektywność i (nie)sprawiedliwość.
EN
Common lands (commons) are the relics of transformations that occurred in Poland during the 19th century as feudalism drew to an end, nevertheless some commons can be traced back more than 600 years. The essence of common land is the right of the residents of a given village to participate in the common land through the use of land constituting common land in accordance with its intended purpose. The only requirement of such participation is to possess a farm or a domicile, as defined in the statue. The management and administration of commons is regulated by the Common Lands Act (“Act”) dating back to 1963. The statue does not give a definition of common land, but enumerates conditions that agricultural, forest and water areas shall fulfil in order to be considered as the common land. The Act contains mechanisms intended to determine a legal or natural persons’ right to use a particular common, as well as its shares in particular common land. It also contains regulations relating to the development of commons, having to be made by the special partnerships, gathering all participants of the common land. Since the Common Lands Act was implemented, the political, social and economic situation in Poland has radically changed. Today, the Act is inadequate to properly address the current and future use of the commons. Thus, the legislator has made an attempt to change such a situation. The result of the actions taken is a bill to amend the Common Lands Act, developed on the basis of assumptions for the above-mentioned bill, adopted by the Council of Ministers on November 6, 2012. Once enacted, the proposed amendments are intended to implement a new set of rules to determine the legal status of the commons, as well as to determine legal title to such common lands. This article examines the legal situation of common lands on the eve of the Common Lands Act amendment as well as basically analyses the suggested changes in this legislation.
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