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Cmentarzysko kultury wielbarskiej w Kozłówku, pow. nidzicki (d. Klein Koslau, Kreis Neidenburg) w świetle publikacji i materiałów archiwalnych

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Woźniak M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2011

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vol. LXII

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issue 62

169-208

EN

The village Kozłówko, commune Kozłowo, distr. Nidzica, voiv. warmińsko-mazurskie (former Klein Koslau, Kr. Neidenburg) lies some 20 km to the south-west of the town Nidzica, on a small elevation on the left bank of the Szkotówka, right-bank tributary of the Nida R. During the 18th century relics of an ancient cemetery were identified near this locality. In volume II of his work Versuch einer wirtschaftlichen Naturgeschichte von dem Königreich Ost- und Westpreußen, F. Bock recorded the presence of fifteen small circular pavements which were to be found in the vicinity of the village Klein Koslau. In 1890 the Prussia Museum at Königsberg added to its collections a grave assemblage unearthed during farming on one of the small hills close to the village. In the autumn of 1891 Kozłówko was visited by J. Heydeck, vice-chairman of Altertumsgesellschaft Prussia. The discovery of further artefacts during this visit and survey of the site led to a decision to excavate. Archaeological investigation covering a fragment of the southern slope of the elevation identified eighty or so flat graves and a barrow. The material from Kozłówko passed to Prussia Museum where it remained until the evacuation at the end of the second world war. Its present location is unknown. Perhaps this material was not taken out of the city at all – this is suggested by the discovery made in 2000 in Kaliningrad, of a buckle originating from grave XXXVII. Heydeck published the results from the fieldwork in a brief report, providing a general description of the site and listing 39 grave inventories, illustrating twelve of them. This brief report is supplemented to some extent by information found in later works – E. Blume and R. Schindler, and in the private files of German archaeologists. Most of the flat graves were unurned cremations; only four appear to have contained cinerary urns (graves XVI, XXX, XXXV). The grave pits were basin-like, with a diameter of up to 1.5 m and a depth in the range of 35–45 cm. Individual burials had an irregular distribution within the cemetery, with larger and smaller spaces between them. A number of grave outlines were in contact and, in a few cases, later burials intruded on older grave pits. At the time of Heydeck’s investigation most of the graves were in good condition, only a few of them, found at the highest level, next to the northern margin of the cemetery, had suffered damaged from ploughing. A few graves were under circular pavements of fieldstones. The grave goods were discovered in 40 graves. The largest group of metal finds (17) were bronze brooches. Fourteen originated from grave assemblages (A, VII, IX, X, XVI, XVII, XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXV, XXVII, XXXI, XXXIV, XXXIX) one was a stray find. Arguably the earliest form is the fibula type A 41 discovered in grave A; it is a form characteristic mainly for the area of the Odra and the Vistula basin during phase B2/C1–C1a. Tendril brooches, the largest group, were noted in eight graves, a ninth was a surface find lacking context. Specimens close to types A161–162 were discovered in four graves (X, XVI, XXV, XXXIV). Specimens recorded in graves XVI (Fig. 4/XVI:1), XXV and XXXIV, with an arched or a knee-shaped bow, belong in phases C1b–C2, and a fibula from grave X, with a flat ribbon bow, is datable to phases C3–D. The remaining five tendril brooches are specimens with the end of the foot hammered flat into a catch, types A172 and A168/172. Four of these come from graves (VII, IX, XXXI, XXXIV), one was a stray find. Type A172 brooches are characteristic mainly for deposits attributable to so-called Gothic cultures. They are dated starting from phase C2 until the early segment of the Migration Period although they are regarded by some researchers as forms restricted to phase C3. Nevertheless, fibulae A172 may probably be recognised as a form diagnostic for the final phase of Wielbark Culture occupation corresponding to phases C3–D. Grave XXII contained a fibula type A185 with “an openwork” foot. Its bow was decorated with cross-wise incisions to imitate coiled wire seen Almgren 1 series VI group brooches. Similar forms were discovered e.g., at Niedanowo, graves 539 and 549, and Pruszcz Gdański 6 (former Prauster Dreieck); their dating is confined to phases C2–D. Gave XXXI, datable to phases C3–D, contained a brooch with a lozengic foot, similar to type A175, known as Elbefibel. These forms are characteristic mainly for northern Europe where they are dated mostly to phases C2 and C3. In Wielbark Culture this fibula form is rare, is recorded at e.g., Bzowo, Malbork-Wielbark, grave 1334 [133?], Stary Targ, grave 241, and is dated mainly to phases C3–D. In grave XXVII there were two ‘caterpillar’ brooches (Raupenfibel), variant 1b, variety A, series II of M. Tuszyńska. This form is recorded mostly on the southern Baltic littoral, most often, in Wielbark Culture and in West Balt cultures, where it is dated mainly to phases C3–D. From grave XVII comes a fibula with a large half-round disc on the head, so-called Spiralplattenfibeln. This find from Kozłówko is related to type Soest-Ardey. The variant is observed mainly on the territory of Wielbark Culture and in the region between the Elbe and the Rhine; it is dated to the second half of the 4th and onset of the 5th century. Grave XXI contained a fragment of a brooch with a round disc on the foot, design ZG 47 of A. Kokowski. This form, quite popular in the Wielbark Culture, is dated to phase C3–D. Another group of finds from the cemetery at Kozłówko are ten bronze buckles – a single stray surface find and specimens originating from seven graves (VII, X, XIX, XX, XXI, XXVIII, XXXVII). Two specimens, type AC13–17, were discovered in grave XXVIII; graves VII and, probably, grave XX, contained type AD11 forms. Type AD30, dated to phases B2/C1–C2, is represented by the stray buckle discovered on the surface of the cemetery type AE4, from phases C1b–C2, is represented by a large specimen discovered in grave XXXVII. Grave XXI contained a buckle type AH11. A similar specimen, presumably, type AH14, was found in grave XX. A type AH16 or AH27 buckle was discovered in grave X. The three last finds are dated to phase C3–D. Fragments of thick-walled glass vessels, including types E 230 and E 237, were discovered in at least seventeen graves, not only in richly furnished burials but also assemblages with a very modest inventory. On most occasions they occurred in company of wheel-made vessels. This situation was recorded in no less than nine graves (IV–VII, IX, XI, XII, XXXI, XL). Hand-built pottery, mainly bowls from groups VI, XIV and XVIII of R. Wołągiewicz, were observed in twenty-seven features. Most of these vessels survived in fragmented form, their number in individual assemblages usually ranged from one to three, but in nine assemblages (VIII–X, XII, XVI, XXI, XXII, XXXI, XXIV) there were more of these pieces – up to no less than eight. These graves represented the best furnished burials in the cemetery. Finally, there were personal ornaments and dress accessories: a shield-headed bracelet (grave A), a finger-ring (grave XXXIV), bucket pendants (grave XXII), a bell pendant (grave XXXI), wire and bead pendants (graves VI, VIII, XXXI, XXXIV), glass beads (graves II, VI, VIII, X, XV, XVI, XVIII, XIX, XXVI, XXXI, XXXIV, XXXVII), and ornamental clay globular objects (grave XXXI). There was also a smaller group of items of everyday use: needles or awls (graves XXXVI, XXXIX, XXXVII), bone combs (graves VI, XXIX), an ear pick (grave XIX), spindle-whorls (graves VI, X, XXXI, XXXIV, XXXVIII, a stray find), fire-making tools (grave XXXII, a stray find) and metal casket mounts (grave XXXVII). The cemetery at Kozłówko was established during phase B2/C1–C1a, as is evidenced by the inventory of grave A. Very likely, graves XXX and XXXVI containing black cinerary urns also belong in this phase. The remainder of the reliably dated graves are younger and may be distinguished into two groups. Group I would include four graves (XVI, XXV, XXXVII, XXXIX) datable by the presence in their inventory of A161–162 brooches and a buckle with an omega-shaped frame to phases C1b–C2. Group II is larger and includes nine features (VI, VII, X, XVII, XX, XXI, XXVII, XXXIV, XXXI). The presence in them of brooches type A172, A VI series 2, glass bowls E 230 and E 237, and of buckles with a thickened frame, establishes the dating of this group fairly reliably as phases C3–D. The dating of late phase C2 or onset of phases C3–D is suggested for grave XXII by the presence in it of the fibula with the ‘openwork foot’ and of a glass bowl E 230. Left outside group I and group II, are seven assemblages furnished only with ceramic vessels and fragments of glasses which prevented their attribution to either of these groups. The exceedingly small number of graves attributable to the earliest phase of the cemetery and the domination of burials dating from a later period suggest that the investigation took in mainly the youngest fragment of the grave-site. What is striking is that a cemetery with such an large surface area contained so few features (on average, 3–4 graves per 100 m2); could it be that the boundaries of this site were identified incorrectly? The cemetery at Kozłówko belongs to a local micro-region of Wielbark Culture settlement defined as the Nidzica concentration which occupied the northern fringe of the present day province of Mazowsze, extended in the south to the Działdówka R., in the east, to the Nida R.; its northern boundary was defined by a series of lakes bordering on the moraine heights of Garb Lubawski. The western boundary is more elusive – the westernmost site attributed to the Nidzica concentration may have been recorded near the village Gródki, distr. Działdowo (former Grodtken, Kr. Soldau). Outside this relatively compact area we can probably attribute to the same group isolated sites identified on the left bank of the Nida R. – at Pokrzywnica Wielka, Szczepkowo Zalesie and Muszaki (former Muschaken, Kr. Neidenburg), all of them in distr. Nidzica. So far from this area we have a record on a dozen-odd sites of Wielbark Culture. Most were investigated before WW II and this affects the amount of data available at present. The beginning of Wielbark Culture settlement in this area started presumably during phase B2/C1. Numerous burials from this period were identified at nearly all the sites of the Nidzica concentration – at Kozłówko, Niedanowo 2, Turza Wielka, distr. Działdowo (former Groß Tauersee, Kr. Soldau), Litwinki, distr. Nidzica (former Littfinken, Kr. Neidenburg), Turza Mała, distr. Nidzica (former Klein Tauersee, Kr. Neidenburg), Wilamowo, distr. Nidzica (former Wilmsdorf, Kr. Neidenburg), and possibly, also Pielgrzymowo, distr. Nidzica (former Pilgramsdorf, Kr. Neidenburg) and Sławka Wielka, distr. Nidzica (former Groß Schlaffken, Kr. Neidenburg). During phase C1b–C2 most of the cemeteries already established earlier were still in use – as documented by substantial evidence from this period recorded at e.g., Kozłówko, Niedanowo 1 and 2, Litwinki and Sławka Wielka. Also noteworthy is the rich barrow burial no. I identified at Pielgrzymowo, which is placed mostly in late phase C2, or possibly at the onset of phases C3–D. At the close of the Roman Period and the beginning of the Migration Period the number of graves in some cemeteries visibly increase, e.g., at Niedanowo and Kozłówko. The presence of numerous objects foreign to the Wielbark tradition, e.g., glass vessels, suggest that the people inhabiting in northern Mazowsze took part in exchange with the outside world. The special role of the Nidzica concentration is confirmed by the grave inventories recorded at Kozłówko. The higher than average number of glass vessels and wheel-made wares discovered at this cemetery documents the existence of intensive exchange between the community of users of this grave-site with the Black Sea region. Individual finds (e.g., A175, A185 brooches), which may be referred to materials characteristic for western Pomerania, lands on the Elbe R. and Scandinavia, attest to connections with the south-western region of the Barbaricum. Both directions of exchange may be attributed to the existence at the close of Antiquity of a network of extensive contacts, in which – it seems – the local populations had a significant share. Connections with the eastern Baltic region are evidenced by the find of an iron pendant discovered in grave XXXI, a form distinctive above all for Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture.

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Nietypowe groty włóczni ze schyłku starożytności z ziem polskich

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Czarnecka K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2010

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vol. LXI

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issue 61

111-132

EN

The territory of Poland has yielded three finds of lanceheads with a blade recycled from a fragment of a sword blade. Cierniówka/Czerniówka, distr. Grójec, southern Masovia (Fig. 1; unpublished, collections of the State Archaeological Museum, inv. PMA VI/827). Blade lightly bent, broken. Surviving length 13.5 cm. Octagonal-sectioned socket, D. 2.3 at the mouth, with non-forged edges; socket opening bound with a heavy iron ring decorated with a facetted zigzag design. Fairly deep (8 cm) slit to insert the lancehead blade, secured using 2 rivets. The blade had a fire patina, confirmed by metallographic analysis (cf. Annex). Radawa, distr. Jarosław, Lesser Poland (Fig. 2; A. Kokowski 2000, fig. 5). Lancehead with a fire patina, bent, straightened by the finder. Socket (L. 15.5 cm), polygonal-sectioned, with non-forged edges, c. 7 cm long slot with an inserted fragment (24.3×4 cm) of sword blade (the point), secured using two round-headed rivets; socket opening bound with a ring decorated with a facetted zigzag design. Tarnówko, distr. Inowrocław, Kuyavia (Fig. 3; W. Hensel, Z. Hil¬czer-Kurnatowska, A. Łosińska 1995, p. 29, fig. 16:8). Straightened lancehead, L. 47 cm (blade 36×4.5 cm), blade secured using two rivets. Fairly narrow socket, D. 1.9 cm at the mouth, delicately facetted, with non-forged edges. No surviving ring, but there is clear evidence that originally the socket had one. All three specimens are random finds and lack context, but in each locality where they were discovered there is a cemetery of Przeworsk Culture; moreover the fire patina (Cierniówka, Radawa) and partial melting of the bronze (Tarnówko) agree with the funerary rite practiced in this culture. Swords, the blades of which went into making these lanceheads, are datable to phase C2 of the Roman Period. We may assume that they had continued in use for some time before they broke and were recycled, therefore the lanceheads of interest may be dated to the Late Roman Period – phases C3–D. The technique and details of manufacture of these lanceheads do not find analogy on territory of Przeworsk Culture or in neighbouring cultures of the European Barbaricum. The ring around the socket may have affinity with Sarmatian shafted weapons (O. V. Simonenko 1996, p. 207; A. M. Hazanov 1971, p. 44–50). Some analogy in terms of shape, but not construction, is shown by sword-like lanceheads with a long blade with parallel edges and a short, usually facetted socket, known from a small number of scattered finds dated to the close of the Roman Period and later (Fig. 4). Similar lanceheads are known from the cemetery at Čatyr-dag/Чатыр-даг, raj. Bakčisarai in Crimea (V. L. Myc et alii, 2006, p. 119, 151, fig. 7:2.3), sites of Tsebelda Culture in Abkhazia (Û. N. Voronov, N. K. Šenkao 1982, p. 126, fig. 2:5, 20, 32), cemetery of Luboszyce Culture at Dresden-Dobritz, Stadkr. Dresden, Saxony (E. Meyer 1971, p. 50, fig. 24:7.8), and somewhat later, the area of south-eastern Lithuania (V. Kazakâvičûs 1988, p. 41, fig. 15, map VII). The manufacturing technique itself – inserting the blade into a slot cut in the socket – is known from Hunnic-Sarmatian sites on the Volga and western Kazakhstan. Two lanceheads made using this technique originate from a quite rich warrior grave in barrow 1 from the cemetery near locality Lebedevka/Лeбедевка (Fig. 5), raj. Čingirlau, western Kazakhstan, dated to AD 2nd–4th c. (G. I. Bagrikov, T. N. Senigova 1968, p. 81 ff; M. G. Moškova 1982; S. G. Botalov 2006b, fig. 5:5, 75), or alternately, AD 4th–5th c. (S. G. Botalov, S. Û. Gucalov 2000, p. 121, 132). One of the lanceheads has a facetted socket bound with a ring. The blade is not too long, 27 cm, with a width of 4 cm, flat-lenticular in section. Surviving entire, the wooden shaft had a silver mount with rich ornament of band designs at bottom. The socket of the second lancehead is incomplete, missing its bottom part therefore it is unclear whether originally it also was bound using a similar ring. Its surviving length is 35 cm, the blade with long and parallel edges, 22 cm long and 3 cm wide. The grave is richly furnished with weapons, a great many ornaments and imports. The same technique was used also in making a lancehead (Fig. 6) described as Sarmatian-Hunnic discovered in Communist State Farm Voskhod/Вoсхoд, near the town of Pokrovsk/Покровск (formerly Engelsk/Eнгелск), obl. Saratov/Cаратов (I. V. Sinicyn 1936, fig. 3; J. Werner 1955, pl. 40:4; A. K. Am¬broz 1989, fig.15:4; I. P. Zaseckaâ 1994, p. 35, pl. 32:2). According to a description (I. V. Sinicyn 1936, p. 75), two projecting parts of the socket were attached to the blade, inserted between them, by welding (or soldering). These are burials described as having “Hunnic-Sarmatian” attributes (S. G. Botalov, S. Û. Gucalov 2000; S. G. Botalov 2006b, p. 38). It is important that, although quite far apart geographically, these pieces belong to the same culture environment as the lanceheads from the late phase of Przeworsk Culture. Numerous imports – bronze vessels, amphorae, ornaments – testify to regular contact with the area on the Black Sea (M. G. Moškova 1982, passim; A. Simonenko, I. I. Marčenko, N. Û. Limberis 2008). “Gothic” imports as well as objects originating from the territory of the Roman Empire discovered in “Lebedevka” barrows have been interpreted as evidence of multi-facetted cultural, commercial and military-political links with the West (Fig. 9; S. G. Botalov, S. Û. Gucalov 2000, p. 132). Lanceheads from Sarmatian and Hunnic finds from the Great Hungarian Plain from the Migrations Period, classified to group 6 of E. Istvánovits and V. Kulcsár (1995, p. 21), quite long (up to 40 cm) with a relatively narrow blade, dated from 2nd/3rd until 5th c., may have been manufactured using a similar technique, or at least, a technique resembling it (Fig. 7). They are not secured with rivets but may be – similarly as the specimen from Voskhod/Pokrovsk – welded of two elements. At least, in their appearance they imitate lanceheads produced using this technique. A lancehead from a Hunnic votive deposit from Pécs-Üszög/Pécsüszög (Fig. 8), kom. Baranya in the Hungarian Plain (J. Hampel 1905, p. 371, fig. 1a; I. Bóna 1991, p. 277, fig. 44; B. Anke 1998, p. 102, Pl.. 119:18) is made of two elements: blade and socket, forged (welded) together, although in none of the publications the method of manufacturing this lancehead is mentioned. The lancehead, some 28 cm in length, is nevertheless slightly different from pieces discussed earlier, as the split socket is hammered quite wide, reaching to the edge of the flat blade with a gently sub-triangular section, forming on both its sides noticeable protrusions. Remaking a sword into a lancehead possibly had more than just a practical reason – the aim was to preserve the damaged sword, perhaps, a valuable heirloom. Reforging a broken sword into a new one for a son and heir is an important motif in the Volsungasaga (Fig. 10), the framework of which took form during the Migrations Period (P. Vang Petersen 2003, p. 291); we may assume that the motif was present in the tradition and imagination of the people at the close of antiquity. It is not impossible that the lanceheads had no utilitarian function and were used as banners of sorts, or as ceremonial weapons. The manufacturing technique itself: a separate blade attached in a slit socket, most probably was an experiment of sorts, perhaps, made in one particular workshop (this would explain the strikingly similar lancehead finds from Cierniówka and Radawa), although we can suppose that they had been inspired by Sarmatian (Hunnic) lances.

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Późnorzymska zapinka z Łubnic, woj. świętokrzyskie

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Andrzejowski J.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LV

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issue 55

55-63

EN

The collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (PMA, IV/7589) contains a fragment of bronze fibula, discovered originally at Łubnice, gm. Połaniec, woj. świętokrzyskie (Fig. 1). The discovery was made presumably by Erazm Majewski during his investigation late in the 19th c. A silver Roman coin, now lost, is also reported as having been found at Łubnice (E. Majewski 1900b, 89–90; 1901, 97–99, 148). The fibula has a faceted bow, a foot ending in a profiled knob and a high catchplate. The bow and the foot are ornamented with coils of incised wire. The catchplate, decorated on the outside with a diagonal engraved cross, holds a short peg with coils of incised wire and profiled terminals. The length of the surviving fragment is 3.5 cm (Fig. 2a). The fibula may be linked with Almgren type 211 (1923, 91–93, 96, pl. IX:211) but without knowing the construction of the fastening it is difficult to say whether it represents a “classic specimen of group A.VII specimens having a cross-bow string, or the so-called Sarmatian variant of fibulae with a high catchplate and an upper string. The latter are much more numerous on Przeworsk Culture territory (A. Kietlińska, T. Dąbrowska 1963, 188–189; R. Kenk 1977, 329–333; K. Godłowski 1977, 23–24; 1988, 38–41). On Przeworsk territory chronology of fibulae of group A.VII series 1 fits with phases B2/C1–C1a. Specimens of the so-called Sarmatian variant continue slightly longer in use disappearing only in phase C1b. Richly decorated specimens similar to the find from Łubnice are thought to be younger within the group. Features of the fibula from Łubnice (very high catchplate, facetting of the bow and foot, incised wire coils) suggest that it may be dated – irrespective of the original construction of its spring – to phases C1a–C1b. Analogies to the distinct ornamentation of the catchplate seen on the fibula from Łubnice are almost unknown. I am aware of only three such specimens. Cemetery at Żalęcino, woj. zachodniopomorskie, grave 33A on the western periphery of Wielbark Culture (P. Kaczanowski, R. Madyda-Legutko, E. Nawrolska 1984, 75, fig. 5.25:1) produced a bronze fibula decorated with wire coils and application of silver incised wire. Its catchplate held a short peg, both its sides decorated with coiled wire, ending in decorative knobs (Fig. 2d). The grave assemblage is dated to phase B2/C1–C1a. The next analogy is from Przeworsk culture cemetery at Cząstków Polski, woj. mazowieckie, grave 21 (unpublished material from excavations of M.Kulisiewicz), which yielded a heavily damaged silver fibula – originally having a very high catchplate and rich ornamentation. The pin held by the catchplate had knobs at both its ends, which are identical with those seen on the axis of the spring (Fig. 2c). Finally, the third, also silver, fibula originates from the settlement of the Dacian group Militari-Chilia from Mătăsaru, dép. Dîmboviţa in Muntenia, where it is dated to AD 3rd – beginning of the 4th c. (Gh. Bichir 1984, 47–48, pl. XXXIX:1). The pin in the catchplate is ornamented with profiled knobs (Fig. 2b). The fibula belongs to late variants of series 1 of group A.VII. A similarly ornamented specimen was found at a Wielbark Culture cemetery at Elbląg–Pole Nowomiejskie (S. Anger 1880, 117, pl. V:25): its catchplate held a relatively peg coiled with wire, evidently in the imitation of the fibula spring fibula (Fig. 2e). The specimen in question typologically is most probably linked with crossbow fibulae having afull catchplate, elongated foot and an elongated knob on the head2, known from Bornholm (cf. e.g. E. Vedel 1886, fig. 274; O. Klindt-Jensen 1957, fig.87, 88; A. Bitner-Wróblewska 1991, 233–236, fig. 7). It may be dated to the Migration Period, most likely, its younger phase (cf. L. Jørgensen 1989; A. Bitner-Wróblewska 1992). The fibula would probably be associated with the settlement of Balt population in the region3. Decorative pegs held by the catchplate seen in the fibulae cited here appear to be a transformed form of the distinct ornamentation of the foot. Several of similarly ornamented knee-shaped fibulae from phase B2 have been found on the northern fringe of the Elbian culture circle: Hamburg–Marmstorf, site 9 (W. Wegewitz 1964, 58, pl. 15:29, 43:209), Garlstorf, site 27 (unpublished material in the Helms-Museum in Hamburg; cf.W.Thieme 1984) and Archsum on the island of Sylt (K. Kersten, P.LaBaume 1958, 371, pl. 146:3, 5). They may be, in turn, a far echo of early LaTène fibulae with a pseudo-spring on the foot from phases LT A and LT B (K. Peschel 1972). Also a relic of the same La Tène motif may be the loop of decoratively coiled wire seen on the foot of fibulae from the close of the early and the onset of the Late Roman Period. (J.Andrzejowski 1992). Erazm Majewski discovered in close vicinity of Łubnice other Przeworsk culture sites dated to the early phase of the Late Roman Period (Fig. 1). A larger number of finds originate only from Beszowa, gm. Połaniec (E. Majewski 1901, 144–146; 1911, 130). Most of them were published (T.Liana 1962, 47–48, pl. X, XI), but a dozen-odd was identified only after T. Liana’s study appeared in print. They include fragments of bronze and iron fibulae, a bronze needle, iron rivet of a composite comb, bronze belt-end fitting and two beads (Fig. 3). The finds confirm that the cemetery at Beszowa was especially intensively used in phase C1a. Other Przeworsk culture sites in the region produced only isolated finds (Fig. 4). Concentration of Przeworsk culture sites inside the triangle formed by the lower course of Wschodnia and Czarna Rivers and the Vistula registered by Majewski has been confirmed in recent years by results of systematic excavation and field survey. Well-identified cemeteries are those at Grzybów (K. Garbacz 1990; E. and K. Garbacz 1990), gm. Staszów, and Zawada, gm. Połaniec (B. Chomentowska 1983; B. Chomentowska, J.Michalski, E. Twarowska 1985, 9–10, fig. 10–13; B. Chomentowska, J.Michalski 1988a; 1988b; 1992). An extensive settlement from the Roman Period was discovered at Sichów Duży, gm. Staszów. The latter locality may also have harboured a cemetery as is suggested by an old (from before 1945?) photograph preserved by the Museum showing two shield-bosses (type J.7a and J.6) and blacksmith’s tongs, signed Sichów, pow. stopnicki (Fig. 5). Sichów also produced a Domitian denarius (L. Piotrowicz 1934, 101; M. Gumowski 1958, 114).

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Przekłuwacze typu Dresden-Dobritz / Żerniki Wielkie. Uwagi na temat narzędzi z późnego okresu rzymskiego i wczesnej fazy okresu wędrówek ludów

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Schuster J.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2011

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vol. LXII

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issue 62

65-82

EN

The archaeological record from the Late Roman Period and early phase of the Migration Period includes iron objects of a distinct form, not observed earlier, similar to modified awls, which I propose to describe as: implements type Dresden-Dobritz / Żerniki Wielkie. The first to present them in a broader context was J. Szydłowski, some decades later A. Kokowski mapped their distribution in outline, whereas M. Piotrowski and G. Dąbrowski presented their own interpretation but not fully convincing, which persuaded me to take up their subject anew. The list presented here, based on catalogues published in the studies of J. Bemmann and J. Schuster, was updated to include the finds from recent years. Type Dresden-Dobritz / Żerniki Wielkie have a fairly simple design – a needle-like pointed lower part, and a broader upper part in the form of a elongated plate. In some specimens the plate is not markedly separate from the pin (form 1.) and then tends to be triangular, on occasion, with recessed sides. The second group (form 2.) are forms with a markedly separate grip which may be tulip-shaped (var. 2a) or roughly rectangular (var. 2b). Irrespective of their form or variant some implements have a small circular opening in the upper part of the handle, under the edge of the plate, which provides us with a clue as to how they were carried. The length is usually between 10 and 16 cm, but the longest known specimens measure c. 19 cm. The main area of distribution is between the Saale R. in the west, the Middle Danube in the south and Western Bug in the east. Isolated finds have been recorded outside this zone, even at considerable distance from it – on the Lower Weser and in Swabia, in six scattered sites of Chernyakihiv and Sântana de Mureş Cultures, in Lithuania and northern Belarus, and also on the Upper Dvina, Upper Dnieper and Upper Volga. The loose distribution of the find sites across great expanses of eastern Europe suggests that in future this area could yield a greater number of these tools. Most researchers are inclined to interpret these objects as firesteels, even though other than their material there is little to support this particular function. Their function of implement is beyond any doubt, most probably they were awls used in working soft materials. Analysis of assemblages which contained awls shows that their chronology is confined in principle to phases C3 and D1, but it is possible they were used also in phase D2. In the light of the data at hand it appears that implements type Dresden-Dobritz /Żerniki Wielkie were a part of personal equipment of armed men. Their wide distribution, taken together with the small number of specimens recovered at individual sites and the military context of discovery, suggest that their owners belonged to a special social stratum and that the significance of these implements was non-utilitarian. One gets the impression that they were symbol of rank or status of the armed men.

5

Znalezisko dziobowatego okucia końca pasa z Przeradowa, pow. makowski

100%

Prochowicz R.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2005

|

vol. LVII

|

issue 57

73-79

EN

In Sepember 2002 staff members from the Iron Age Department of the State Archaeological Museum Warsaw carried out sondage excavation of site 6 at Przeradowo, comm. Szelków, distr. Maków Maz., woj. mazowieckie. The site lies on the flood terrace of river Orzyc, right-hand tributary of the Narew river, some 100–200 m west of the river, about 200–300 m north-east of the village. Excavation identified the remains of a Przeworsk culture cemetery and settlement from the close of the Late PreRoman and Early Roman Period. There was also some Wielbark culture material, dated to phases B2/C1–D. Of special interest is chronologically the latest find from the site, ie a bronze beak-shaped strap end (Fig. 1). To date, 38 similar specimens known from 33 sites (Fig. 2) used to be treated as forms diagnostic for the later stage of phase D. However, there is evidence to suggest that the dating of the strap end form in question may be extended to phases C3 and D. The earliest beak-shaped specimen is known from the Wielbark culture area (Stary Targ, grave 241). The fact that the same area registers the greatest stylistic diversity of these forms (cf fig. 3:2.9.15.20. 27.28) suggests that beak-shaped strap ends may have emerged and developed in the Wielbark culture environment.

6

Osada z młodszego okresu rzymskiego w Łęgonicach, pow. grójecki

100%

Liana T.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2005

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vol. LVII

|

issue 57

241-295

7

Grób z ostrogami z nekropoli kultury wielbarskiej w Jartyporach nad Liwcem

84%

Andrzejowski J., Rakowski T., Watemborska K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2011

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vol. LXII

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issue 62

49-63

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7 Wiadomości Archeologiczne

2 Andrzejowski J.

1 Czarnecka K.

1 Liana T.

1 Prochowicz R.

1 Rakowski T.

1 Schuster J.

1 Watemborska K.

1 Woźniak M.

3 2011

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Cmentarzysko kultury wielbarskiej w Kozłówku, pow. nidzicki (d. Klein Koslau, Kreis Neidenburg) w świetle publikacji i materiałów archiwalnych

Nietypowe groty włóczni ze schyłku starożytności z ziem polskich

Późnorzymska zapinka z Łubnic, woj. świętokrzyskie

Przekłuwacze typu Dresden-Dobritz / Żerniki Wielkie. Uwagi na temat narzędzi z późnego okresu rzymskiego i wczesnej fazy okresu wędrówek ludów

Znalezisko dziobowatego okucia końca pasa z Przeradowa, pow. makowski

Osada z młodszego okresu rzymskiego w Łęgonicach, pow. grójecki

Grób z ostrogami z nekropoli kultury wielbarskiej w Jartyporach nad Liwcem