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PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie różnych etapów kształtowania się granic państwa polskiego. Dotyczy to następujących okresów historii Polski w XX wieku: powstanie Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej (1918-1923), okres drugiej wojny światowej oraz czas powojenny aż do lat dziewięćdziesiątych.
EN
The aim of the paper is to present various stages in the process of shaping frontiers of the Polish state. the paper addresses the following periods in the 20the century history of Poland: the creation of the Second Republic (1918-1923), the periods of World War II and the post-war reality till 1990s.
EN
Po odzyskaniu wolności po 123 latach niewoli Polacy byli „upojeni wolnością”, jak powiedział Józef Piłsudski. W cieniu tej euforii zachodziły na ziemiach polskich ważne procesy społeczne i gospodarcze oraz występowały istotne zagrożenia zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne, które warunkowały odbudowę państwa polskiego w czasie rządów Tymczasowego Naczelnika Państwa (11 XI 1918 – 26 I 1919) oraz Naczelnika Państwa (26 I 1919 – XII 1922). After regaining their freedom after 123 years of subjection, Polish people were “inebriated with freedom”, as Józef Piłsudski said. It was in the shadow of this euphoria that important social and economic processes occurred, together with grave internal and external threats that conditioned the restoration of the Polish state under the Provisional Chief of State (11 November 1918 – 26 January 1919), and the Chief of State (26 January 1919 – December 1922).
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EN
The aim of the article was to try to answer the question (under the influence of current events): „can the concept of a nation be interpreted in such a way that it can be deprived of its most important features and understood not in accordance to its essence”? The entry point was a provision placed in the amendment to the Polish Act on the Institute of National Remembrance of January 26, 2018, which provides for penalties for attributing responsibility or co-responsibility to the Polish Nation or Polish State for the crimes of the Third Reich. Can these concepts be recognized differently and lead to results that are not consistent with the intention of the legislator? The author presents their definitions formulated in the literature and key legal texts, expressing his opinion on the subject discussed.
PL
Celem artykułu było podjęcie, pod wpływem aktualnych wydarzeń, próby odpowiedzi na pytanie: „Czy pojęcie narodu może być interpretowane w taki sposób, aby mogło zostać pozbawione najważniejszych dla niego cech i tym samym rozumiane wbrew jego istocie?”. Punktem wyjścia był przepis umieszczony w nowelizacji polskiej ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r., w którym przewidziano karanie za przypisywanie narodowi lub państwu polskiemu odpowiedzialności lub współodpowiedzialności za zbrodnie III Rzeszy Niemieckiej. Czy przedmiotowe pojęcia mogą być ujmowane inaczej i prowadzić do rezultatów niezgodnych z intencją ustawodawcy? Autor przedstawia ich definicje sformułowane w literaturze oraz kluczowych tekstach prawnych, wyrażając swoją opinię na poruszany temat.
PL
The role of Roman Catholic Church in the realization of confessional politics of Polish power in Volyn, in years 1920–1930 is pictured in the article. It is shown that the Catholic Church became an important instrument in the propaganda of the idea of the Polish state system and culture on the Eastlands. It founds out the role of this confession in the realization of assimilatory influence on the local Orthodox population.
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Chrzest Polski

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EN
This paper is a historical reflection concerning the origins of the statehood of Poland. The author refers to a number of scientific studies and shows the meaning of baptism for the unity of the State of Mieszko I. It can be said that in the history there is no pre-Christian Poland, because it is this religion which became the bond of national identity of Polish people. In his study the author pointed out political sensitivity of the first sovereign of Poland. However, the decision to adopt the Christian religion was probably not motivated by political calculations but was the result of the personal conversion of the prince of the Western Polans. This statement seems to be rooted not only in the written sources but also in the non-verbal national tradition, expressed – for example – in some eminent artistic works. The author emphasizes that Christian Poland from the very beginning was distinguished from its neighbours by three essential elements: catholicity, republicanism and latinism. Those elements ensured that Christian universalism became one of the main characteristics of Poland. In the last part of the study the author focuses on mutual relations between the Church and Polish statehood and on the role which the Catholic faith played in the maintenance of the Polish national identity.
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