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Październikowa odwilż 1956 roku w dokumentach pułtuskiej PZPR. Wybór źródeł

100%
Wiśniewski K.
Studia Mazowieckie
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2021
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vol. 16
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issue 1
83-152
EN
The article is a source publication devoted to the still insuffi ciently recognized effects of the events of October 1956 in the Mazovia Province. After the introduction, in which the content of the published source materials and the rules of their publication are briefly discussed, the following five documents are edited, produced by the County Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party in Pułtusk in the period between October 1956 and January 1957. Records of intra-party discussions are an excellent historical source of learning about the views of the provincial activists on the functioning of the Polish United Workers’ Party and state administration, their opinions about the “mistakes and distortions” committed during the Stalinist period, and about the paths of development in the future. They also provide a lot of interesting information about the economic condition of the poviat.
PL
Artykuł jest publikacją źródłową poświęconą – wciąż niedostatecznie rozpoznanym – skutkom wydarzeń października 1956 r. na mazowieckiej prowincji. Po części wstępnej, w której w skrócie omówiono treść publikowanych materiałów źródłowych oraz zasady ich wydania, następuje edycja pięciu dokumentów wytworzonych przez Komitet Powiatowy Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej w Pułtusku w okresie październik 1956 r. – styczeń 1957 r. Zapisy wewnątrzpartyjnych dyskusji są doskonałym źródłem historycznym do poznania poglądów prowincjonalnego aktywu na funkcjonowanie PZPR i administracji państwowej, ich opinii o popełnionych „błędach i wypaczeniach” w okresie stalinizmu, jak i o drogach rozwoju w przyszłości. Dostarczają też wielu ciekawych informacji na temat stanu gospodarczego powiatu.
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Obraz Polski wśród polskich Żydów w Izraelu. Narracje przedstawicieli aliji gomułkowskiej i emigracji pomarcowej

85%
Szajda M.
Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej
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2018
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vol. 8
143-177
EN
The experiences of Jewish emigrants from Poland after World War II can be categorised according to the appropriate migratory waves occurring following significant historical events. An example of this is the Gomułka Aliyah of the years 1956 to 1960 and emigration after the events of March 1968. This text concerns the narration of witnesses to history – Polish Jews – who left the country during one of these two waves and who settled permanently in Israel. Based on their oral history narratives, I describe their biographical trajectories, including points touching upon the narrative and the relationship of the interlocutors to Poland, as expressed in their memory of “their first homeland”, their cultural roots and their current activities connected with Poland. The declarations resulting from the narratives highlight the duality of the identity of witnesses to history: their identification with Jewishness and Polishness. However, the image of Poland, often sentimental and nostalgic, is firmly rooted in their experiences of their time in the country, both positive (personal relationships, places) and negative (antisemitism). This image is also influenced by contemporary events and visits to Poland.
PL
Doświadczenia żydowskich emigrantów z Polski po II wojnie światowej można przyporządkować odpowiednim falom migracyjnym, następującym po istotnych wydarzeniach historycznych. Przykładem tego jest alija gomułkowska z lat 1956–1960 oraz emigracja po wydarzeniach Marca 1968 r. Niniejszy tekst dotyczy narracji świadków historii – polskich Żydów, którzy opuści kraj w jednej z tych dwóch fal i osiadli na stałe w Izraelu. W oparciu o relacje historii mówionej odtwarzam ich trajektorie biograficzne, w tym punkty styczne narracji oraz stosunek rozmówców do Polski, wyrażający się w pamięci o „pierwszej ojczyźnie”, kulturowym zakorzenieniu oraz obecnej aktywności wobec Polski. Wynikające z narracji deklaracje uwypuklają dwoistość tożsamości świadków historii, ich identyfikacje z żydowskością oraz polskością. Natomiast obraz Polski, często sentymentalny i nostalgiczny, jest mocno zakorzeniony w doświadczeniach z okresu pobytu w kraju, zarówno tych pozytywnych (relacje międzyludzkie, miejsca), jak i negatywnych (antysemityzm). Wpływają na niego również współczesne wydarzenia oraz podróże do Polski.
3
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Działalność I sekretarza Komitetu Warszawskiego PZPR Stefana Staszewskiego w 1956 roku

80%
Juzepczuk M.
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
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2017
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issue 29
485-505
EN
Stefan Staszewski, born in 1906 in Warsaw as Gustaw Szuster, was an active member of the Young Communist League of Poland and the Communist Party of Poland, trained from 1926 to 1928 in the International Lenin School in Moscow. He was arrested three times in Poland for communist activity. In 1934, he fled to the USSR, where he was reprimanded for membership in M. Lampe’s group, and then expelled from the AUCP(b) and arrested by the NKVD. He was sentenced to 15 years in a Kolyma Gulag camp. He was released in 1945 thanks to Bolesław Bierut’s intervention, and after coming to Poland, he joined the Polish Workers’ Party (PPR) and changed his name to Stefan Staszewski. The Secretary of the PPR Central Committee dispatched him to Katowice to take the position of the secretary for industrial affairs. Soon, he became the editor-in-chief of Trybuna Robotnicza, which achieved considerable success under his management. In 1948, the party leadership gave him the very responsible post of the director of the Department of Press and Publications of the PUWP’s Central Committee. Staszewski changed radically the organizational system of the party press and of the publishing businesses’ activity, and contributed to the development of communist journalism. In 1954, he was dismissed from the post of the Department of Press and Publications’ head and moved to the Ministry of Agriculture. During the thaw, he became a critic of the former party leadership and began to actively aid supporters of reforms. As the First Secretary of the PUWP Warsaw Committee, in October 1956 he organized and supervised rallies at Warsaw universities and work places. During the Eighth Plenary Session of the PUWP Central Committee, he was attacked by activists belonging to the “Natolinian group”. His stance was violently criticised by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, which resulted in his dismissal from the post of secretary of the Warsaw party organization. Staszewski largely contributed to the success of the party reformers and to positive transformations initiated during the Eighth Plenary Session. Having left the PUWP Warsaw Committee, he worked for a short time in the Polish Press Agency. His relationship with new party authorities steadily became worse, which resulted in him being removed from the post of the assistant of the member of PUWP Central Committee. That is why he began to work for the State Scientific Publishers (PWN) in the editorial section of the Great Universal Encyclopaedia. In 1968, party propaganda presented him, together with Roman Zambrowski, as the most dangerous threat to the PRL’s constitutional order. In the 1970s, he maintained close relations with the Workers’ Defence Committee. Under martial law, his flat was searched by the Security Service.
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