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EN
The paper was presented in Poznań on 23 April 2009 during an open seminar dedicated to a phenomenon of prophetism in the Middle Ages. The subject of the lecture is medieval pope prophecies Genus nequam, their genesis, their rhetoric and conversions which they underwent in the Middle ages. The archetype of prophecies Genus nequam well-known in the West were Byzantine Oracula Leonis. They belong to the so-called basileiographeion, i.e. medieval pamphlets, directed against ruling Byzantine emperors. The motive of a she-bear and an emperor rising from the dead in Oracula Leonis gave inspiration to obscure authors of Genus nequam. The she-bear was associated with the pope Nicholas III, coming from a powerful Roman family Orsini and famous for his nepotism. The resurrected emperor from Oracula Leonis served as an example of an ideal pope who would reform church. A negative character of a man with a sickle and a rose noticeable in Byzantine prophecies was modified so as to point to the pope Celestine V (1294). Circles of radical supporters of church reform were glad of his appointment and hoped for renewal. After his rapid resignation the prophecies started announcing another pope, who would continue the interrupted mission of Celestine V. Genus nequam are the example of an interesting medieval collection of symbols and figures, which may convey specific religious and political information.
EN
The study of an Italian historian of Christianity Roberto Rusconi: Santo Padre. La santità del papa de san Pietro a Giovanni Paolo II (Holy Father. Holiness of a pope from St Peter to John Paul II) is the first attempt of showing in what way throughout history there was presented holiness of a pope in Church. In this detailed monograph a reader will find not only the presentation of holy popes, from Apostolic times till the XX century, but above all the presentation of the problem of holiness relating to the highest post in Church. Studies of Rusconi cast in this way a new light on the history of Church, religiosity and the process of formal acknowledgement of holiness within the space of centuries. In his study Roberto Rusconi claims that the twenty third statement of Dictatus papae of Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085): Romanus pontifex, si canonice fuerit electus, meritis beati Petri indubitanter efficitur sanctus (the Roman pontiff, if he have been canonically ordained, is undoubtedly made a saint by the merits of St Peter) has been fulfilled these days, being this way a kind of a prophecy. The author comes to such a conclusion analysing the evolution of perceiving the figure of a pope and his holiness, especially in the last two centuries, and also the fact that there have already been beatified or there have been opened processes of beatification of all the popes of the last half-century.
EN
This article examines the ways in which the crusades against the Hussites were launched. It provides a complete overview of papal bulls issued for the purpose of eradicating heresy in Bohemia and Moravia, and explores the relationship between the crusading bulls and specialized legations. In addition, it investigates the practical implementation of papal ordinances, which was the main task of the anti-Hussite legates. The response of the secular arm to the calls to crusade and the preaching campaigns depended on a number of political considerations, meaning that the dispatch of expeditions did not always correspond to papal proclamations. Recurrent military failures resulted in repeated calls to arms by secular authorities and a re-publishing of crusade bulls by papal agents.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2020
|
vol. 14
|
issue 2
63-76
EN
In 2019, the canonisation of John Henry Newman – an Anglican clergyman, an English thinker, a convert to Catholicism and a cardinal – took place. This article is an attempt to present selected ecclesiological themes in the thought of the new saint of the Catholic Church. It was also necessary to ask a question about the validity of ecclesiological diagnoses for contemporary Christianity.
EN
Mid-twelfth century was a unique period in the history of Poland. A powerful state, which successfully stood up to the western powers and easily forged alliances with its eastern neighbour, Poland was increasingly riven by internal confl icts. It is worth noting that poised between the East and the West, Poland was a major state in twelfth-century Europe. Throughout this period, both Holy Roman Empire and the papacy, depressed by internal conflicts, remained somewhat powerless against Poland, which successfully applied a policy of avoiding open confl icts and – under threat – stood up to diplomatic interventions, and even direct invasions. On the other hand, this specific period saw strong and fruitful alliances with Rus, continuously more weakened by internal confl icts. The Polish-Rusian coalitions were successfully reinforced by marriages.
PL
This paper focuses on the cultural and political importance of papal nuncios’ final reports (relazioni finali) as one of the basic sources of knowledge about the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth in the Roman Curia. The final report was a document, in essence a summary, which a diplomat was required to complete at the end of his mission (or immediately after). During the creation of the office of permanent nuncio to the major European courts, the preparation and delivery of the final report often took place orally. Gradually, the relazione evolved into a written version. Throughout the sixteenth century, when knowledge about Poland-Lithuania in Rome was rather poor, the relazioni finali consisted of colourful descriptions of the geography, the history, and the social and political relations of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the seventeenth century, this document became more political in character. It related directly to the activities of the papal diplomats, rituals and ceremonials, and any particular problems regarding the missions, rather than extensive descriptions of relatively banal curiosities. Throughout the seventeenth century in particular, when a permanent papal diplomatic presence had just been established in Poland-Lithuania, the final reports were an important contribution to future missions. Newly-appointed nuncios therefore willingly used the extremely important information contained therein. The practice of writing relazioni finali made it easier for the Holy See to consolidate its diplomatic influence and presence in Central and Eastern Europe in the early modern period. It also fostered papal interest in the social and political features of the enormous ‘noble’ republic.
IT
Il papa Damaso I (366-384) si presenta come uno dei piu grandi pontefici neł periodo dełła Chiesa antica. Con ła sua persona sono łegati diversi awenimeti che fecero dalia Chiesa un organismo importante e forte nel mondo antico. Da una parte grazie a lui l'insegnamento cristiano divenne piu vicino al popolo (ad es. Finflusso su Girolamo a proposito della traduzione della Bibbia in latino, l'introduzione del latino alla liturgia), dalFaltra invece la sua politica sia alFinterno della Chiesa, sia alFesterno di lei consolidarono ii potere papale sia dal punto di vista ecclesiastico sia quello civile. L'articolo presente vuole occuparsi soprattutto di quell'uitimo problema. Il rafforzamento del potere papale fu causato dalie diverse circostanze: dalie capacita personali di Damaso, dai suoi probierni personali legati sia ai tumulti delFinizio del suo pontificato, sia dalie calunnie di cui Damaso fu oggetto, dalia situazione politica e religiosa della Chiesa nelFImpero Romano. Con la sua persona sono legati i primi seri privilegi da parte dello stato concessi sia alle istituzioni ecclesiastiche sia al clero. Dal punto di vista religioso invece Damaso ha dei meriti notevoli nella lotta contro le eresie del suo tempo e soprattutto nelFargomentazione teologica delFimportanza della Sede Apostolica di Roma.
EN
This paper focus on the question of the importance and function of medieval papal protection privileges and expecially papal protection charters drawing on examples of the documents for Moravian monasteries during the High and Late Middle Ages. Methodically it focuses mainly on assessing the state of preservation of individual protection privileges and charters that forms the main basis of subsequent statistical-diplomatic analysis of papal protection charters with an emphasis on litterae from the 13th to the end of the 15th century.
EN
John Paul II can certainly be considered an outstanding personality of our time, not merely due to the long duration of his pontificate. He was the first roman pontifex – during the age of mass media – who reached out to the whole world personally, including dissenters as well as infidels. We present here a pastoral-theological review reflecting on the media presence of the deceased pontifex John Paul II, highlighting different aspects of its papacy and providing a theological interpretation. John Paul II didn’t intend to reshape papacy, but did point to different aspects of it. We’d like to assess the changes which resulted from his massive presence in the media additionally to presenting insights in what way the distinct features of his outward appearance in the media can contribute today to make “church as a universal sign” more or less experienceable. The pope from Poland made use of the media like no other pontifex before him leading to the large media attention he received at the end of his life which is unparalleled in history of the Holy See. He enjoyed great appearances and was even selected “Man Of The Year” by Time magazine in 1995.
Nurt SVD
|
2015
|
issue 1
157-192
PL
Reformacja angielska (XVI wiek), szukając nowej tożsamości, zachowała w dużej mierze katolickie tradycje. Zerwanie jedności z Rzymem przez króla Henryka VIII (1533) przyczyniło się do podporządkowania Kościoła ustawodawstwu państwowemu. Anglikanizm – jako forma protestantyzmu – przyjął elementy doktryny luterańskiej i kalwinistycznej, nie rezygnując z podstaw moralnych i dogmatycznych Kościoła katolickiego. Doktryna Kościoła anglikańskiego została wyrażona w 39 Artykułach religii anglikańskiej określających trzy zasady: protestancko-biblijną (Low Church), katolicko-sakramentalną (High Church) i krytyczno-racjonalną (Broad Church). Określany jako via media między katolicyzmem a protestantyzmem, współczesny anglikanizm przybiera bardziej otwartą postawę wobec papiestwa (Raport z Malty 1968) oraz władzy w Kościele (Dokument z Wenecji 1976). Istotną formą wymiany na płaszczyźnie teologicznej jest Anglikańsko-Rzymskokatolicka Komisja Międzynarodowa (ARCIC, 1969). Kontrowersje międzywyznaniowe nie dotyczą doktryny, ale sposobu jej interpretacji. Dialog na temat prymatu uwzględnia: prymat stolicy rzymskiej, kolegialny charakter władzy episkopatu i kapłańsko-profetyczną funkcję Ludu Bożego. Anglikanie de facto nie odrzucili „szczególnej” roli Piotra w Kościele, ale tylko konkretne, historyczne papiestwo.
EN
Reformation in England in the XVI century, while searching for a new identity, retained many aspects of traditional Catholic piety. Rejection of the primacy of the papacy by king Henry VIII in 1533 resulted in the subjugation of the church in England to the state. Anglicanism, as an offshoot of Protestantism, has absorbed certain dogmatic elements of Lutheranism and Calvinism, but never completely abandoned the basic moral and dogmatic statements of Catholicism. Its docrine, expressed in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, defines three principles: Protestant and biblical (Low Church), Catholic and sacramental (High Church) and critical and rational (Broad Church). Today, Anglicanism is often viewed as a via media between Catholicism and Protestantism. It displays an increasingly open attitude towards the papacy (The Malta Report of 1968) and authority in the Church (The Venice Statement of 1976). The Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC) established in 1969, plays a very important role in theological conversations between both churches, which actually differ more in the interpretation of the doctrine than its content. The discourse over the primacy is centred on the primacy of Rome, collegiality of bishops and the priestly and prophetic functions of the faithful. In fact, Anglicans never questioned the special role of Peter in the Church. They only rejected the concrete, historical papacy.
PL
Sobór florencki w 1439 r., zakończony unią kościelną między Rzymem a Konstantynopolem, dawał nadzieje Bizancjum na ogłoszenie przez papiestwo krucjaty przeciw Turkom osmańskim i uchronienie cesarstwa przed zagładą. Badacze zajmujący się tą problematyką skupiali się głównie na dyskusjach dotyczących różnic dogmatycznych dzielących oba Kościoły. Inną perspektywę przyjął Sebastian Kolditz, który w recenzowanej pracy udowodnił niekwestionowany autorytet cesarza Jana VIII Paleologa, mającego decydujący wpływ na obrady soborowe i ich rezultat. The Church Union between Rome and Constantinople signed during the Council of Florence in 1439 made it possible for Byzantium to hope that the papacy would launch a crusade against the Ottoman Turks and save the Empire from disaster. Scholars dealing with this subject concentrated mostly on discussions concerning the differences in dogmas dividing the two Churches. Sebastian Kolditz adopted a unique perspective and provided evidence of the unquestionable authority of John VIII Palaiologos, whose opinions during the council proceedings were decisive for the final conclusion.
EN
This article deals with the views of Cosmas of Prague, the first Czech chronicler, on the role of the Church and its relations with the laymen. The Chronicle of the Czechs contains discreet but harsh critics against the so-called Gregorian Reform and its proponents. However, the dean of the Prague chapter shared with the latter the claim for a stronger independence of the Church and a clearer division between the religious and the secular worlds. Indeed, the chronicler criticized some of the bishops of Prague because they were mostly the servants of the Přemyslid princes at the expense of their episcopal duties. Moreover, he showed the damages caused by prelates who shared the way of life and the values of laymen, especially those who were from the Ducal dynasty. The Chronicle of the Czechs is also a mirror for the prelates of Prague and thus draws the portrayal of the ideal bishop, a figure embodied by Otto of Bamberg. This contribution is then aimed to show that the Chronicle is also a precious source of the Czech views on the major changes that occurred during the 11th and early 12th centuries in Latin Christianity. From Prague, the claims of Rome seemed quite absurd, but the Czech Churchmen shared the ideals of their Western contemporaries and were searching for a way to adapt them to the local situation and to put them into practice.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2020
|
vol. 14
|
issue 2
63-76
PL
John Henry Newman jest jedną z najbardziej znanych postaci Kościoła katolickiego oraz Kościoła anglikańskiego. Tworzył swoje dzieła, należąc do tych dwóch konfesji. W artykule autor ukazał wybrane aspekty teologii Kościoła Johna Henry’ego Newmana,czyli jego eklezjologię. Dla zrozumienia teologicznego stanowiska Newmana niezwykle pomocne są: jego historia w Kościele Anglii, pozycja w Kościele katolickim oraz dwa dogmaty proklamowane podczas życia tego nowego katolickiego świętego. W ostatniejczęści artykułu eklezjologia Johna Henry’ego Newmana została na nowo odczytana w świetle aktualnych problemów katolickiej i anglikańskiej teologii.
EN
John Henry Newman is one of the most famous person on the Catholic and Anglican Church. In his works he was writing on the both theological position. In the article author showed selected aspects of John Henry Newman’s theology of the Church, so-calledecclesiology. For understanding Newman’s theological position very important are his personal history in the Church of England, situation in the Catholic Church and two dogmas proclaimed during the life of this new Catholic saint. In the last part of the article theecclesiology of John Henry Newman is rereading in the light of modern problems in the Catholic and Anglican theology.
EN
It is not a secret that the war between Harold II and William the Bastard, who eventually became William the Conquer, belongs to the most discussed topics. This statement applies especially to the English scholars, who treat the issue as one of the key events in the history of their nation. However, while reading the works of these excellent scientists, one can have the impression that the topic in question was utilized to strengthen the traditional, post-Wig historiosophy. It is a very popular belief that papacy (in person of pope Alexander II) supported the Norman conquest of England in 1066. According to some of the Norman sources, William even received a papal banner which he took for his expedition. In opinion of many scholars, there are grounds to treat the invasion of Norman duke as a first crusade (mainly due to character of Alexander II support). However, both nations were Christian, so the assessment of the pope`s statement in modern history is explicit. In the second part of this paper, arguments will be given, that the Apostolic See didn`t support the Normans at the time of the conquest. The paper also examines the evolution of church` approach towards war in early middle ages.
|
2018
|
vol. 65
|
issue 4: Historia Kościoła
73-82
EN
Pope Benedict XV (1914-1922) is often called a `missionary Pope' on the grounds of his effort to redefine and to offer a new vision of the missionary activity of the Church. The crucial principle of the renewed missionary vision was to deprive it of the political factor. Another novelty introduced by the Pontiff was to introduce the native hierarchy along with the ecclesiastical administration in the missionary countries and to foster the education and the autonomy of the local clergy. The modern, groundbreaking teaching was defined in the encyclical letter Maximum illud promulgated on 30/11/1919.
PL
Papież Benedykt XV (1914-1922), z racji konsekwentnego przeorientowania dotychczasowej praktyki i spojrzenia na dzieło misyjne Kościoła, zwany jest papieżem misyjnym. Jego bowiem program w tym względzie zasadzał się na dążeniu do odpolitycznienia dzieła misyjnego, tworzeniu podstaw trwałej i rodzimej administracji na terenach misyjnych, trosce o kształcenie rodzimego duchowieństwa i jego pełną autonomię oraz na wskroś nowoczesnym nauczaniu misyjnym (encyklika Maximum illud z 30 listopada 1919 r.).
PL
Artykuł omawia problemy związane z przyczynami pojawienia się i procesem kształtowania cesarstwa na Zachodzie, które pojawiło się w 800 r. po Chr., a także stosunek cesarza Karola względem papiestwa. Z uwzględnieniem kontekstów politycznego (problemy królestw i systemu feudalnego) oraz eklezjalnego (Sobór Nicejski II) omawiane są niezwykle istotne i ogólniejsze debaty historyków o koncepcjach monistycznej i dualistycznej określających relacje między papieżami i cesarzami.
EN
The article discusses the problems of determining the starting point of history of the Western Empire in 800 AC and Emperor Charlemagne position towards papacy. In the political (problems with kingship and feudal system) and ecclesiastical (Second Council of Nicaea) contexts are also present very important and more general debates of historians on monistic or dualistic conceptions which form interrelations between popes and emperors.
PL
Obraz papiestwa lansowany przez Sokratesa jest dość skomplikowany. Z jednej strony kreuje on wizerunek wyjątkowego biskupstwa, którego zwierzchnik przewodzi Kościołowi powszechnemu. Z drugiej poddaje je ostrej krytyce. Historyk wskazuje na uprzywilejowaną pozycję biskupa Rzymu.
18
51%
EN
The article does not sum up the long and very reach in ecumenical initiatives pontificate of John Paul II. In presentation of his ecumenical vision of the Church the article concentrates on four points. First it lists the main ecumenical documents written by the Pope (1), next in more detailed way depicts the contents of the Apostolic Letter Orientale lumen (2) and the Encyclical Letter Ut unum sint (3). In the last point the article extracts from the described Encyclical the original elements concerning the Pope and the papacy (4). The conclusion of the article points at the enormous intellectual potential, churchly openness, courage and ecumenical hope of the ecumenical documents left by John Paul II.
PL
Artykuł nie podsumowuje długiego i bardzo bogatego w wiele ekumenicznych inicjatyw pontyfikatu Jana Pawła II. Prezentując jego ekumeniczną wizję Kościoła, ogranicza się do czterech punktów. Wylicza główne dokumenty ekumeniczne napisane przez Papieża (1), bardziej szczegółowo omawia treść listu apostolskiego Orientale lumen (2) i encykliki Ut unum sint (3). W ostatnim punkcie wyodrębnia elementy oryginalne, które w prezentowanej encyklice dotyczą Papieża i papiestwa (4). W formie wniosku stwierdzona, że z dokumentów ekumenicznych pozostawionych przez Jana Pawła II tchnie ogromny potencjał jego intelektualnej i kościelnej otwartości, odwagi oraz ekumenicznej nadziei.
EN
This article deals with the presence of issues of Slavdom in the thoughts and works of John Paul II as an expression of their roots in Polish Romantic literature. Its centre is the cult of St. Cyril and St. Methodius, who, in the Pope’s view, became an expression of the universalism, Greek heritage and Christianity of the Slavic peoples. A reminder of the importance of the Solon brothers had already been mentioned in the Paris lectures of Adam Mickiewicz and in a forgotten poem by Teofil Lenartowicz. This was associated with the need for Slavs to gain self-knowledge, as demanded by Norwid, Słowacki, Mickiewicz and others. The mission of the Slavic Pope fulfils the above postulates of the Romantic poets. John Paul II recalls the identity of the Slavs and their role in the papacy and a united Europe. It restores their dignity and is an indication of their future.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje obecność problematyki słowiańszczyzny w myśli i twórczości Jana Pawła II jako wyraz zakorzenienia w polskiej literaturze romantycznej. Jej centrum jest kult św. Cyryla i Metodego, który stał się w ujęciu Papieża wyrazem uniwersalizmu, dziedzictwa greckiego oraz chrześcijaństwa narodów słowiańskich. Przypomnienie znaczenia braci sołuńskich miało miejsce już w paryskich prelekcjach Adama Mickiewicza oraz w zapomnianym wierszu Teofila Lenartowicza. Wiązało się z koniecznością uzyskania przez Słowian samopoznania, którego domagali się Norwid, Słowacki, Mickiewicz i inni. Misja słowiańskiego Papieża realizuje powyższe postulaty romantycznych poetów. Jan Paweł II przypomina tożsamość Słowian i ich rolę dla papiestwa i w zjednoczonej Europie. Przywraca im godność. Stanowi wskazanie na przyszłość.
Vox Patrum
|
2004
|
vol. 46
323-333
IT
Il quesito principale circa l'esercizio dei primato di papa Leone Magno riguarda il genere e la dimensione del suo potere in Oriente: fu soltanto un primato d'onore oppure anche di giurisdizione? Alcuni studiosi si dicono favorevoli a conoscergli un primato di giurisdizione, altri risultano invece contrari a rawisare qua!siasi forma di autoritá giurisdizionale al di fuori del patriarcato romano. Nel 1882 Guerrino Amelii, bibliotecario dellAmbrosiana, presentó l’Appellatio, da lui scoperta, che egli stesso defini come „la piu splendida testimonianza che la storia abbia registrato in favore della suprema giurisdizione della Sede Apostolica su tutta la Chiesa e la prova piu convincente della sua superiorita sopra gli stessi Generali Concili”. La storicita del documento e argomento ancora aperto, ma esso apre, ad ogni modo, uno spiraglio su quella problematica dell'esercizio del primato di papa Leone Magno, che riveste ancor oggi una grande importanza nel contesto del dialogo ecumenico. Questo documento, che comproverebbe il riconoscimento al Pontifece di una responsabilita su tutta la Chiesa quale fondamento di unita dei vescovi e dei cristiani, ispira infatti il dialogo ecumenico, presentando Roma come sede di appello nelle controversie nel rispetto delle istanze intermedie. Questa tematica e tuttora vitale in campo ecumenico come forma di riconoscimento del Primato Pontifece e si rddica nelle consuetudini dei primi tempi della vita della Chiesa.
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