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PL
Portraits of Judyta in Rafał Leszczyński’s and Wacław Potocki’s poems The article deals with the peraenetic representations of Judyta with particular emphasis on how she was portrayed in the epic poems of Rafał Leszczyński (1620) and Wacław Potocki (circa 1952). The author analyzes the differences of portrayal of the biblical widow in Guillaume du Bartas’ La Judit and the Polish paraphrasing of said text by Rafał Leszczyński (Iudith). Those differences were influenced not only by political, but also by moral and social factors. The best example and proof of that is the shortened and modest (as compared to the original) description of Judyta’s beauty found in Leszczyński’s text. Key words: baroque; Bible; Judyta; paraenesis; Rafał Leszczyński; Wacław Potocki;
EN
The article is an attempt at reconstructing the spiritual profile of St. Jan of Kęty, which emerges from the speech in Latin delivered by Fabian Birkowski. In his literary narration, the 17th-century preacher referred, among others, to the words Ut supra, which were meant to  constitute the life motto of the medieval Professor. Attributing the above expression to Jan of Kęty, however, was erroneous. As it is proved in the present text, the mistake resulted from a wrong understanding of these words in the reading of the translation of Kronika (Chronicle) by Maciej Miechowita, which – in turn – Piotr Skarga attached to Żywot (The Life) of the Saint. This mistake is significant insofar as it was made by other authors, too; in consequence the expression is inscribed in the history of the Krakow Professor’s cult.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę rekonstrukcji duchowej sylwetki św. Jana z Kęt, jaka wyłania się z poświęconej mu łacińskiej mowy Fabiana Birkowskiego. W swojej literackiej narracji XVII-wieczny kaznodzieja odwołuje się m.in. do mających stanowić życiową dewizę średniowiecznego profesora słów Ut supra. Przypisywanie Janowi z Kęt powyższego wyrażenia było jednak błędem. Jak wykazane zostaje w niniejszym tekście, wynikał on z niewłaściwego odczytania wspomnianych słów podczas lektury tłumaczenia Kroniki Macieja Miechowity, które Piotr Skarga dołączył do Żywotu świętego. Błąd ten jest o tyle istotny, że popełnili go również inni twórcy, przez co słowa te wpisały się w dzieje kultu krakowskiego profesora.
EN
The aim of the article is to present "The Life of the Servant of God Regina Protmann" (1623) as an example of Post-Trent hagiography. Its main heroine is the foundress of the Congregation of Saint Catherine, Virgin and Martyr (died 1613). The author’s goal is to construct a role model acceptable to contemporary readers. He relies on the authority of the Scripture, personal accounts of the meetings with the Blessed and her own writings. Following the principles of the new hagiography, he does not insert miracles or other fantastic motives to make his work more credible. They are replaced by detailed descriptions of Regina’s actual deeds and virtues.
EN
The subject of the article is religiousness of the Polish nobleman in the light of the published 17th century funeral sermons. In the ideal model created by sermons this religiousness had a few aspects. The first one was offering testimony to the truth of the Catholic religion, which was connected with an inevitable attack against Protestants, especially in the first half of the 17th century. Next, the role of the ethos of the Christian knight was emphasized. Funeral preachers attached great significance, probably also under the influence of the families of the deceased, to offerings to the Church as well as to alms for the faithful. These were reasonable in the process of building the position of the nobleman's family in the local community and in the Republic. The published funeral sermons devoted relatively little space to private religiousness, in this respect focusing on the preparation for good death, according to the principles that had been worked out in the 15th century, and made popular again in the post-Trent epoch. The texts of the sermons were both occasional religious works and a medium that had an impact on the public opinion.
EN
The paper is concerned with the image of relations between husband and wife presented in the thirteenth-century educational treatise De regimine principum by Giles of Rome. It belonged to the most popular ‘mirrors of princes’ in the Middle Ages. Giles shows how conjugal relations should be arranged primarily by outlining the husband’s duties to, and his treatment of, his wife. He is responsible for her moral development. He is to lead her to temperance, silence and stability (ad temperantiam & ad taciturnitatem & ad stabilitatem). In marital sex he is to comply with the Church’s teachings, to provide his wife with adequate material goods, to show signs of love, and to give ap propriate warnings when her behaviour is improper. The instruction of how to deal properly with the wife is formulated by Giles in the context of the authority assigned to her husband over her, and consequently of his responsibility for guiding her. This prerogative of the husband is due to a woman’s natural subordination to a man because of his superiority over her in terms of prudence and reason. The government that the husband exercises over his wife should not be that of the parent over his child nor that of the master over his servant. He should treat his wife as a companion (tamquam socia). A natural element of conjugal relations is amicitia (love) that results – as it may be assumed – from living together, and that manifests itself in the ways spouses treat each other. The proper fulfilment of their duties by the husband and the wife was to guarantee their harmonious coexistence, although far more responsibility fell on the husband because of his natural superiority over the woman.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest wizerunek relacji między mężem a żoną, jaki został nakreślony w XIII-wiecznym traktacie o wychowaniu De regimine principum autorstwa Idziego Rzymianina. Należał on do najbardziej popularnych „zwierciadeł władców” w okresie średniowiecza. Idzi ukazuje, jak powinny układać się właściwe relacje małżeńskie, przede wszystkim poprzez nakreślenie powinności i sposobu postępowania męża wobec żony. W jego gestii pozostaje troska o jej rozwój moralny. Ma prowadzić ją do umiarkowania, milczenia i stałości (ad temperantiam & ad taciturnitatem & ad stabilitatem). W pożyciu małżeńskim ma kierować się zasadami nauki Kościoła, zaopatrywać żonę w odpowiednie dobra materialne, okazywać oznaki miłości oraz udzielać stosownych upomnień w sytuacji jej niewłaściwego zachowania. Pouczenia, jak właściwie postępować z żoną, formułuje Idzi w kontekście przypisanego mężowi zwierzchnictwa nad nią i będącej jej rezultatem powinności kierowania jej osobą. Przypisana mu prerogatywa wynika z naturalnego podporządkowania kobiety mężczyźnie z racji jego przewagi nad nią pod względem roztropności i rozumu. Rząd, jaki mąż sprawuje nad żoną, nie ma być rządem rodzica nad dzieckiem ani pana domu nad sługą. Mąż powinien traktować żonę jak towarzyszkę (tamquam socia). Naturalnym elementem relacji małżeńskich jest amicitia (miłość), do której powstania, jak można przyjąć, wiedzie wspólne życie i która przejawia się w tym, jak się do siebie odnoszą. Właściwe wypełnianie przez męża, jak i żonę przypisanych im powinności miało być gwarantem ich harmonijnego współżycia, chociaż zdecydowanie większa odpowiedzialność spadała na męża z racji naturalnej wyższości mężczyzny nad kobietą.
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