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EN
Among the many beatification processes initiated in individual dioceses, several of them attract special attention. Among the many figures, especially those whose candidacy for the altars resulted from heroism or martyrdom, there are people who are not obvious. These include politicians – parliamentarians who, as public figures, gave an example of their attachment to God and the Catholic faith in everyday life. Some of these trials, despite the fact that at least half a century has passed since the death of the candidates for the altars, it turns out that many of the candidates’ characters still arouse emotions, influencing contemporary politics. The aim of the article is to present the figures of parliamentarians with the status of the Servant of God and to show the spheres in which these figures affect the present day.
EN
This article presents the profile of Stanisław Stroński – a well-known member of several terms of the Inter-War Sejm and press publisher (he perfectly combined these two professions, as his journalistic texts echoed the work of a parliamentarian), and Professor of Romance Studies at Jagiellonian University. S. Stroński became known as a colourful and influential figure. He belonged to a group of right-wing leaders and was a leading political opponent of Józef Piłsudski. He took part in the most important debates of his time. He was an activist of the Christian National Party [pol. Stronnictwo Chrześcijańsko-Narodowe], and later of the National Party [pol. Stronnictwo Narodowe]. His numerous sayings (remarks) and the way he conducted parliamentary debates went down in the history of Polish parliamentarism. He was able to argue with his political opponents while delivering a speech without losing the thread. He often used wit, irony and proverbs, and made use of his excellent knowledge of the French language and culture. S. Stroński went down in the history of Polish parliamentarism as an original and uncommon figure.
EN
In the article I present the results of an exploratory study of Polish parliament based on the concept of self-organizing systems formulated by W. Ross Ashby. This conceptual framework seems useful for parliamentary studies as it helps to determine the necessary conditions for a group to be a self-organizing system. The study shows that Polish parliamentary teams could be included into this category. The empirical part of the study utilized data regarding the Polish Sejm and Senate between 2007 and 2011. Internal regulations of the teams, their party composition and activities have been studied with the use of qualitative research tools.
EN
Although political equality is guaranteed in the Constitutions of modern democracies, few members of disadvantaged groups are parliamentarians. Political theorists, free to imagine varieties of democratic processes, increasingly pay critical attention to this problem and to the idea of representation of social groups by members of these groups, i.e. descriptive representation (DR). Yet, surprisingly few political theorists have asked the parliamentarians themselves how they conceptualize and debate the merits of DR. We use the constructivist approach to explore the meaning of unequal representation by comparing the claims of political theorists to data from a recent survey of Polish parliamentarians.We find that parliamentarians and theorists overlap in many of the basic arguments for and against descriptive representation, but with two major differences. First, parliamentarians embed their arguments in the practicalities of their job to such an extent that it is impossible to meaningfully separate theoretical ideas from their relentlessly practical approach. Second, many parliamentarians have an unyielding faith in existing democratic processes, and believe that the democratic system will, eventually, lead to equal representation. That theorists and parliamentarians inhabit different social worlds is one of the main reasons why so many theoretical ideas on how to improve contemporary democracy are rarely implemented: many of them are simply at odds with the people who are supposed to do it.
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