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By-fráze v českém participiálním pasivu (cesta k analýze pasiva)

100%
Karlík P.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
|
2020
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vol. 103
|
issue 1-2
97-112
EN
This study discusses the three probably most influential theories of the passive in generative grammar: Chomsky (1957), Jaeggli (1986) and Collins (2005), aiming to evaluate their proposed analyses of the passive structure in terms of their adequacy with regard to the syntactic and semantic properties of the by-phrase in the Czech long passive, i.e. the structure “be – passive participle – DP with instrumental case (= by-phrase)”. It is shown that from this perspective, the most adequate theory of the verbal passive is the one by Collins (2005; 2018b), called “smuggling analysis”. This is because it naturally explains the thematic interpretation of the by-phrase and determines its distribution in the passive structure. The smuggling analysis predicts that the Czech by-phrase (= DP with instrumental case) is the external argument and has the same semantic/thematic interpretation as the [Spec, vP]-argument of the active clause. This theory is entirely consistent with other principles of generative grammar, especially with the UTAH hypothesis (Baker, 1988).
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Užívání pasivního participia v mluvené češtině: srovnání institucionální komunikace a běžného dorozumívání

100%
Mrázková K.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2017
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vol. 99
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issue 2
181-192
EN
The article compares the use of passive participles in the spoken corpus of Czech (Oral_v4) and in speeches and dialogues recorded at local council meetings (from three towns in the Czech Republic). Although the Czech passive voice is considered to be used mainly in written texts and is sometimes even labelled as bookish, passive participles are quite common both in the spoken corpus and at the local council meetings. The analysis shows that passive participle use in the said domains differs both in frequency and in relation to grammatical, syntactical and semantic categories. In the Oral_v4 spoken corpus, which consists of everyday conversation, the most frequent grammatical form of the passive participle is the neuter singular, used typically to form not the passive voice, but the resultative, together with both the verbs být (=to be, e.g. je zavřeno) and mít (=to have, e.g. má zavřeno). On the other hand, in speeches and dialogues at local council meetings, the passive participle is used mostly to form the passive voice and none of its possible grammatical forms prevails significantly.
3
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Dvě zajímavé marginálie

80%
Hrdlička M.
Bohemistyka
|
2019
|
issue 1
121-124
EN
In colloquial Czech we see few cases of not repeating the preposition in utterances such as Nemám nic proti němu ani ní. They are also situations when j – n alternation in personal pronouns occurs. We cannot recommend using such phrases. Verbal adjectives are formed from the past participle or the passive participle. In some cases, when deverbatives can be formed from both participles, they are synonymous in meaning (ochrnutý, ochrnulý člověk). In other cases, the meaning differs (uznaný gól x uznalý nadřízený). We are not aware of reliable rules for non-native speakers of Czech which would describe their derivation and meanings. A foreigner has to learn each lexeme individually.
CS
V kolokviální češtině se setkáváme s nepříliš početnými případy neopakování předložky ve výpovědích typu Nemám nic proti němu ani ní. I v takových situacích u osobních zájmen dochází ke konsonantické alternaci j – n. Užívání takových spojení nedoporučujeme. Přídavná jména slovesná se tvoří od příčestí minulého nebo trpného. V některých případech, kdy je tvoření možné od obou příčestí, jsou deverbativa po významové stránce synonymní (ochrnutý, ochrnulý člověk), jindy jsou významově odlišena (uznaný gól x uznalý nadřízený). Spolehlivá pravidla vystihující jejich derivaci a významy nejsou pro potřeby jinojazyčných mluvčích formulována. Cizinec se musí řídit územ a jednotlivé lexémy se naučit.
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