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EN
The purpose of this paper was the estimate of the substratum compaction in various soil types and under various conditions of use. The compaction characteristics were performed on the basis of bulk density of soil. It was performed on various types of soil, built of various materials, occurring in the vicinity of Płock. The soils are farming land. The greatest substratum compaction was observed in arable lands, built of light loam, silt and loamy sand. The difference in bulk density between the layer at the depth of 25 - 35 cm and the adjacent horizons reaches 0.3 Mg per cubic metre. In soils used for green crops the substratum layer does not show a large difference between the adjacent layers, but the values of bulk density are equal to about 1.6 - 1.8 Mg per cubic metre already near the surface. Higher values of bulk density at the depth of 25 - 35 cm were observed in 68% of soils under investigation.
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Feeding pigs in ancient Rome

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EN
Pigs were popular farm animals in ancient Rome. They were bred to obtain meat, fat and as sacrificial animals. The ancients believed that pigs were relatively low maintenance and, therefore, recommended keeping at least a few on the farm. The diet of pigs was similar to wild boars’. The Romans preferred to put pigs to pasture, but at the same time, they emphasized that animals should have access to wetlands, food of animal origin and highly diverse plant food. The works of agronomists note numerous plant species that should be native to the regions intended for pig grazing. In the autumn-winter period, the diet of pigs was supplemented by feeding acorns, leaves, chaff, etc. A separate diet based on barley or roasted wheat was used in the case of sows and piglets. The activities of the breeders were aimed at increasing the milk production of sows and ensuring the healthy development of piglets. The way pigs were fed in ancient Rome indicates the considerable knowledge of the breeders of that time. The preferred diet not only provided nutrient-rich food, but it also helped to keep the animals in good shape.
PL
Świnie były popularnymi zwierzętami hodowlanymi w starożytnym Rzymie. Hodowano je w celu pozyskania mięsa, tłuszczu oraz jako zwierzęta ofiarne. Antyczni uważali, że świnie należą do stosunkowo niekłopotliwych w utrzymaniu zwierząt i dlatego zalecali trzymanie w gospodarstwie przynajmniej kilku sztuk. Dieta świń była zbliżona do sposobu odżywiania dzików. Rzymianie preferowali trzymanie świń w trybie pastwiskowym, jednak równocześnie podkreślali, że zwierzęta powinny mieć dostęp do mokradeł, pokarmu pochodzenia zwierzęcego oraz mocno zróżnicowanego pokarmu roślinnego. W pracach agronomów wymieniono liczne gatunki roślin, które powinny występować na obszarach przeznaczonych pod wypas świń. W okresie jesienno-zimowym dieta świń była uzupełniana poprzez skarmianie żołędzi, liści, plew itd. Odrębną dietę opartą m.in. na jęczmieniu czy prażonej pszenicy stosowano w przypadku macior i prosiąt. Działania hodowców miały na celu zwiększenie mleczności macior oraz zapewnienie lepszego rozwoju prosiąt. Sposób żywienia świń w starożytnym Rzymie wskazuje na dużą wiedzę ówczesnych hodowców. Preferowana dieta nie tylko zapewniała bogate w składniki odżywcze pożywienie, ale także pozwalała utrzymać zwierzęta w dobrej kondycji.
EN
The author presents the results of her comparison of the designations of paths (tracks) braten by cattle or sheep as well as the designations of the runs (outlets, paddocks) for the respective animals. She focuses on the anoikonymy of Moravia and the Czech part of Silesia but takes account of the situation in Bohemia and Slovakia, too.
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