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A Demonic Chrysalis: The Concept of Bourgeoisie in Poland

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Kożuchowski A.

Acta Poloniae Historica

2021

vol. 122

79-107

This paper investigates the history of the concept of bourgeoisie in Poland, emphasising troubles with its assimilation into the Polish language, and its special entanglement with the socialist and modernist discourse. The concept, it is argued, was borrowed in the late nineteenth century from France, where it concerned the urban upper-middle class; it arrived in Poland as part of the socialist discourse of the time, which gave it strong negative and derogatory connotations. The ambiguity that arose was further complicated by a number of other factors as well. First, the understanding of the term ‘bourgeoisie’ within the leftist discourse was itself ambivalent, combining the strictly theoretical definition encompassing the class of capitalist owners of the means of production, and the practical and emotional label attached to the urban classes. Second, also for the reasons indicated above, the concept of bourgeoisie was not able to replace the older Polish concepts regarding the urban population [mieszczaństwo], and the differences between them remained vague, and occasionally disputable. Third, not only did the term ‘bourgeoisie’ never fully emancipate itself from the domination of the indigenous concepts, but it also suffered from its translation into Polish, where it was regularly omitted when regarding Western European realities, but where it was a permanent fixture in the case of Russian and Soviet literature. Finally, the paper searches for the reasons behind the relative elimination of the concept from the Polish discourse, or at least large segments thereof, in the last half-century.

Prächtiges haus – festes haus: Notes on the "urban" and "country" architectural modus of the house of Wrocław patricians in the Early Modern Period

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Kwaśniewski A.

Architectus

2022

issue 1 (69)

We współczesnych badaniach nad architekturą dawną coraz częściej kwestią pierwszoplanową staje się społeczny sens i kontekst dzieła architektonicznego. W takim ujęciu zasadne jest definiowanie obszaru badań i analizowanie zjawisk z perspektywy środowiska społecznego, które posługiwało się architekturą, a nie według tradycyjnego klucza „tematu architektonicznego”, „genezy artystycznej” itp. Autor artykułu zwraca uwagę na zjawisko architektury rezydencjonalnej w kręgu patrycjatu Wrocławia w okresie wczesnonowożytnym i postuluje, aby przedmiotem badań uczynić relacje zachodzące w sferze architektury między miejskim i wiejskim domem patrycjuszowskim. Treść artykułu stanowią architektoniczne wyróżniki tych siedzib, interpretowane pod kątem komunikowanych treści i znaczeń. Autor w skrótowy sposób charakteryzuje cechy siedzib miejskich (wyróżniając grupę domów realizujących formułę „pałacu miejskiego”) oraz siedzib wiejskich (wskazując na powszechność formuły zamkowej). Analizując język form domu miejskiego i wiejskiego, wskazuje istotne różnice wynikające z funkcji ideowych, jakie każda z siedzib realizowała: z jednej strony wytworność, kunsztowność, nowatorstwo, z drugiej – epatowanie warownością, rozmyślna surowość, akcentowanie „dawności”. W konkluzjach zostały m.in. zawarte postulaty dotyczące przyszłych badań architektonicznych, które powinny być prowadzone ze świadomością retrospektywnego programu podwrocławskich siedzib patrycjuszowskich doby wczesnonowożytnej.

In contemporary studies of historical architecture, the social sense and context of a work of architecture increasingly often becomes a crucial matter. From this standpoint, it is justified to define the field of study and to analyze phenomena from the perspective of the community that used the given architecture and not following the traditional approach of "architectural theme", or "artistic genesis". The author of this paper explores the phenomenon of residential architecture in the community of Wrocław's patrician class during the early modern period and postulates that the relations between the urban and country patrician houses should be made a subject of study. This paper focuses on the distinctive architectural elements of these residences, as interpreted from the perspective of the messages and meanings they conveyed. The author briefly characterizes the features of urban residences (distinguishing a group of houses that embodied the formula of the "urban palace") and country residences (pointing to the prevalence of the castle formula). The author analyzed the language of forms of the urban and country house and pointed to significant differences stemming from ideological functions that they performed: they were resplendence, artfulness, and innovation on the one hand, while on the other: flaunting a fortress-like appearance, a deliberate austerity, and an accentuation of "oldness". The paper's conclusions include, among others, postulates concerning the future of architectural studies that should be conducted with an awareness of the retrospective program of early modern patrician residences from around Wrocław.

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A Demonic Chrysalis: The Concept of Bourgeoisie in Poland

Prächtiges haus – festes haus: Notes on the "urban" and "country" architectural modus of the house of Wrocław patricians in the Early Modern Period