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1
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Island cities: the case of Belfast, Northern Ireland

100%
Royle S. A.
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
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2015
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vol. 19
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issue 2
5-8
EN
The paper considers Belfast as an ‘island city’ with reference to issues of identity and economy and especially in connection with a series of statements from the ‘Futures of Islands’ briefing document prepared for the IGU’s Commission on Islands meeting in Kraków in August 2014. Belfast as a contested space, a hybrid British/Irish city on the island of Ireland, exemplifies well how ‘understandings of the past condition the future’, whilst the Belfast Agreement which brought the Northern Ireland peace process to its culmination after decades of violence known as the ‘Troubles’ speaks to ‘island ways of knowing, of comprehending problems - and their solutions’. Finally, Belfast certainly demonstrates that ‘island peoples shape their contested futures’
2
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The Syrian war: The “hidden hands” and the challenge to peace processes

100%
Adeyeye A. I., Akinrinde O. O.
Acta Politica Polonica
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2021
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vol. 52
63-77
EN
Syria’s civil war, which began in 2011, has been dubbed one of the bloodiest conflicts of the twenty-first century. A multitude of institutional, regional, and global efforts and activities in the shape of peace proposals, negotiations, diplomatic peace initiatives, and mediations have been put in place in an attempt to end the war. The goal of this research is to look at these peace mechanisms and the elements that function as undercurrents and/or obstacles to their implementation. It claims that a variety of actors, interests, and goals obstruct diverse peace processes. Furthermore, the complex intertwining of internal and external influences is critical to the success of many conflict management programs. The problems faced by many peace processes include the sordid backstories and operations of hidden hands such as the United States and Russia using the war as a pawn to conduct proxy fights including Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and other entities. The conclusion is that, while a political solution is an appropriate vehicle for resolving the quagmire, the effect of foreign interests and complicated internal elements that have a negative impact on political diplomacy may persist for some time. As a result, if a political approach is to be effective, it must take into account and synergize the numerous domestic and exogenous interests.
3
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Дефиниция понятия «межнациональное примирение»

100%
GENYK M.
Historia i Świat
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2016
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issue 5
263-276
EN
The policy of interethnic reconciliation characterizes postwar history of the 20th century and underlies the Euro integration process. The achievement of interethnic reconciliation is considered to be an important element of maintenance of stability and security in the modern world. Working out of this matter is characteristic feature of present state of science, public conscience guided by respect for universal values, European integration and globalization. Although the process is very significant there’s no definition of this matter in majority of encyclopedias and dictionaries that was caused by a relative novelty of the discipline of the peace studies. Interethnic reconciliation is a necessary component of successful peace building that can be encouraged by state structures but should be carried out through institutions of civil society and that consists in lasting transition process from negative (unstable, fragile) peace to positive one (just, lasting and enduring peace), in establishment of reciprocal dialogue, in consent and acceptance of peace settlement terms, in deep reconsideration of bilateral relations, a renunciation of revanche, overcoming of historical myths and negative stereotypes, mutual forgiveness, peace culture education, working out of cooperation projects and having for an object elimination of reasons being at the bottom of confrontation as well as prevention of recurring conflicts. Completion of formation of nations, democratic regime and community of civilizational values are important preconditions for the achievement of interethnic reconciliation.
4
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Kryzys w relacjach amerykańsko-izraelskich. Bilans pierwszej kadencji Baracka Obamy

86%
Kiwerska J.
Przegląd Zachodni
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2013
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issue 4(349)
183-199
EN
The United States traditionally played a crucial role in the Near East, mainly as a catalyst of progress in the peace process. Therefore the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was one of the most pressing problems faced by the administration of Barack Obama. Initially it seemed that the President of the USA, who announced “his own way” of solving the conflict, would prove to be more efficient and reliable than e.g. his predecessor in the White House. The starting point was to be an improvement of the USA’s relations with the Muslim world, among others due to America’s stronger support of Palestinian postulates. However, Obama’s tactic turned out to be ineffective; instead of restoring America’s position and improving its image in the Near East, it resulted in a loss of confidence in Obama by both parties to the conflict. The most conspicuous effect of his endeavors was a crisis in American-Israeli relations and lack of progress in the Near East peace process.
5
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The Middle East Peace Process: Towards Another Stalemate?

81%
Osiewicz P.
Przegląd Politologiczny
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2013
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issue 3
47-58
PL
Konflikt bliskowschodni pozostaje jedną z najważniejszych kwestii w stosunkach międzynarodowych po II wojnie światowej. Jednąz najważniejszych wyzwańjest określenie czy bliskowschodni proces pokojowy jest związany z szeroko pojmowanym konfliktem bliskowschodnim czy też, ujmując rzecz precyzyjniej, z konfliktem arabsko-izraelskim. W kontekście kontroli nad terytorium można wyróżnić dwa możliwe scenariusze. Po pierwsze, Palestyńczycy żyjący pod zarządem izraelskim. Po drugie, rozwiązanie na bazie utworzenia dwóch niepodległych państw, czyli uznanie państwa Izrael przez wszystkie państwa arabskie w zamian za zgodę na utworzenie państwa palestyńskiego. Dotychczas przedstawiono wiele planów uregulowania tego problemu, na przykład, podczas negocjacji pokojowych w Oslo, spotkania w Tabie w 2001 roku czy też konferencji w Annapolis w 2007. Jednak żaden z nich nie doprowadził do przyjęcia całościowego rozwiązania konfliktu. Pojawia się pytanie czy społeczność międzynarodowa będzie musiała pogodzić się z kolejnym impasem w ramach bliskowschodniego procesu pokojowego. A może tak zwane arabskie przebudzenie, czyli trwające procesy zmian społeczno- politycznych w państwach arabskich, doprowadzą do zmiany sytuacji w regionie i umożliwią zawarcie porozumienia?
EN
The Middle East conflict has remained one of the core issues of contemporary intemational relations sińce World War II. One of the most important matters is to define whether the Middle East peace process is related to the Middle East conflict or, more precisely, to the Arab-Israeli conflict. With respect to land, there are two possible scenarios. Firstly, Palestinians living under Israeli administration. Secondly, a two-state solution, namely an official recognition of the state of Israel by all Arab states and the foundation of a Palestinian state. So far, there have been dozens of peace plans, for example, the Oslo Peace Process, the Taba talks of 2001, the Road Map of 2003, and the Annapolis Conference of 2007. None of them resulted in a comprehensive solution. The ąuestion is, if the intemational community will face another stalemate in case of the Middle East peace process. Might the so-called Arab awakening, namely all the ongoing political and social processes in the Arab states, change the situation in the region?
6
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Udział Kościoła katolickiego we wprowadzaniu pokoju pomiędzy plemionami prowincji Southern Highlands w diecezji Mendi w Papui-Nowej Gwinei

71%
Król M.
Annales Missiologici Posnanienses
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2014
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issue 19
167-179
EN
The author describes several social and peace-making initiatives which were undertaken in the last decades by the Catholic organizations active within the diocese of Mendi in Papua New Guinea. The country gained independence in 1975, but remained culturally diversified. The basic identity for most of the citizens is still related to the tribal level. Political conflicts, corruption, abuse of alcohol and narcotics resulted in the past decades in several outbursts of violence among tribes of the Southern Highlands Province. Since the central government was unable to answer this challenge, the Catholic organizations of the Mendi diocese became very much involved in the peace-making process and other social initiatives. Activities of two Catholic organizations are described in more detail, namely the Diocesan Development Secretariat and the Justice and Peace Group, which have succeeded in mediations among several tribes.
7
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Rola Kościoła katolickiego w procesie pokojowym podczas wojny o niepodległość Irlandii (1919–1921)

58%
Pawłowska A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica
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2020
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issue 106
89-103
EN
The goal of the article is to explore the Irish Catholic Church contribution to the peace process and negotiations between the British and the Irish side of the war. The article examines the issue of the relations between the Irish republican movement and the Catholic Church in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century as well as the topic of catholic clergy participation in the diplomatic actions of the era. The sources for this analysis were testimonies of the events’ participants collected by the Irish Bureau of Military History.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie udziału katolickiego duchowieństwa w procesie pokojowym i pertraktacjach między stroną brytyjską a stroną irlandzką podczas wojny o niepodległość Irlandii. Analizie została również poddana problematyka relacji między irlandzkim ruchem republikańskim a Kościołem katolickim na przestrzeni XIX i początku XX w. oraz kwestia udziału duchowieństwa katolickiego w działaniach dyplomatycznych tego okresu. Źródła do badań stanowią zeznania uczestników wydarzeń zebrane przez Biuro Historii Militarnej Irlandii.
8
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Inter-Clan Conflicts and the Long Journey to State-Building in Somalia – Internal and International Effects

58%
Gemechu D. K.
Przegląd Strategiczny
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2023
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issue 16
167-179
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest zbadanie i analiza konfliktu międzyklanowego i jego konsekwencji, a także roli organizacji subregionalnych i międzynarodowych, takich jak Unia Afrykańska, w rozwiązywaniu konfliktów i budowaniu pokoju w Somalii. W porównaniu z różnymi regionami Afryki, Róg Afryki był i jest regionem najbardziej dotkniętym konfliktami wewnętrznymi i zewnętrznymi. W tym regionie Somalia borykała się nie tylko z problemami klanowymi, ale także cierpiała z powodu rządów dyktatorskich. Hipoteza badawcza artykułu stwierdza, że tradycyjne struktury społeczne, na które składa się tożsamość klanowa i podklanowa, są głównymi czynnikami konfliktu, a inicjatywy pokojowe społeczności międzynarodowej nie przyniosły trwałego pokoju w Somalii. Pytania badawcze obejmują: Jakie są podstawowe przyczyny konfliktu somalijskiego? Jakie są skutki zaangażowania organizacji regionalnych i międzynarodowych w rozwiązywaniu konfliktów w Somalii? Dlaczego Somalijczycy, mimo że są najbardziej jednorodną grupą etniczną w Afryce, stoczyli jedną z najdłuższych wojen domowych w Somalii? Konflikt w Somalii, który zaczął się po upadku rządu centralnego w 1991 r., doprowadził do biedy i nędzy mieszkańców. Wśród państw Rogu Afryki Somalia okazała się jednym z najbardziej dotkniętych niestabilnością, kryzysami humanitarnymi i politycznymi. W artykule podjęto próbę zbadania głównych problemów, z jakimi borykała się Somalia po zakończeniu „zimnej wojny”, konsekwencji konfliktu oraz innych kwestii związanych z problemami społecznymi i politycznymi. Badania opierają się głównie na jakościowej metodzie analizy zbieranych danych.
EN
The main purpose of the article is to investigate and analyze the inter-clan conflict and its consequences as well as the role of subregional and international organizations such as African Unions in conflict resolution and peace-building efforts in Somalia. Compared to various regions in Africa, the Horn of Africa was the region that was the most affected by internal and external conflicts. In this region, Somalia faced not only Clan problems but also suffered from rule dictatorial rules. The research hypothesis states that, traditional social structures, comprising of the clan and sub-clan identity are the main factors of disagreement and the international community peace initiatives couldn’t bring lasting peace in Somalia. Investigation questions include: What are the root causes of Somali conflict? What are the effects of the role of regional and international organizations in Somali conflict resolution? Despite being the most homogeneous nations in Africa, why did Somalis have one of the longest civil wars in the Horn of Africa? The tension in Somalia which began after the downfall of the central government in Somalia in 1991 convoluted the well-being of the citizens in the region. Among the states of the Horn of Africa, Somalia turned out to be one the most affected regarding instability and humanitarian and political turmoil. This article tries to explore the main problems Somalia faced after the end of the Cold War, the consequences of the conflict and other issues related to social and political problems taken place in Somalia. The research mainly depends on the qualitative method of data collection analysis.
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