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1

PEER PRODUCTION IN THE INTERNET AND UNAUTHORIZED COPYING OF AN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE BIT-TORRENT NETWORK

100%

Czetwertyński S.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2016

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vol. 7

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issue 3

501-513

EN

This paper deals with the phenomenon of peer production in the context of unauthorized copying of information goods. Acc. to Yochai Benkler, it is a form of production operation based on a community. It is widely applied in the Internet and consequently, such information goods as GNU/Linux and Wikipedia have been established. Although the peer production has promoted growth in importance of, among others, free software or an open source initiative, it is also related to unauthorized copying of an intellectual property commonly called Internet piracy. The huge scale of this phenomenon, which is nearly 24% of entire Internet traffic, must not be ignored. In the paper a hypothesis has been put forward that low efficiency of counteracting of intellectual property unauthorized copying results from that fact that, to a great extent, it is generated in a process of the peer production. In turn, the goal of the paper is verification of the thesis in the progress of considerations regarding the nature of both the peer production and the unauthorized copying. A research field was limited to a P2P file exchange network based on a BitTorrent protocol.

2

Koncepcja copyleft w procesie wytwarzania dóbr partnerskich

100%

Brol M., Czetwertyński S.

Ekonomia - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu

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2013

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issue 2 (23)

137-150

EN

This article discusses the copyleft concept in the context of peer production in the context of the changes that have taken place in the public sphere. As indicated by some studies (eg RD Putnam’s work), the traditional public sphere is in atrophy, and the dialogue between public actors has been transferred to the digital platform. This allows public actors to become independent of place and time, and the relative anonymity and allows them to change the role and scope of participation in public life. The dialogue takes place in the framework of the “new” public sphere and is reflected in the peer production process, which is based on a common pool of digital assets. Proper conduction of this process is dependent on institutional innovation, which is the copyleft concept. It is defined as a legal structure that gives the licensee or end user unrestricted right to use, modify and reproduce the work – in this case, a peer good, produced in the peer production process. In practice, this concept is a reversal of the basic purpose of copyright, the objective of reducing the possibility of using, modifying or copying of intellectual property. At the same time it uses copyright licenses through the appropriate wording for partner products. It is therefore a form of adaptation of existing institutional governance tools to new needs that have developed in parallel to the formation of the public sphere on the digital platform. The relationships between the “new” public sphere, producing peer production and the role played by the concept of copyleft implies the main objective of this study. It is the presentation of the idea of copyleft, and an indication of its practical application in the peer production process. An additional objective is to demonstrate the impact of the peer production process on a digital public sphere, particularly the exchange of digital information goods. The article discusses the peer production process and also the assumptions and the conditions in which it can take place. It also presents the causes of atrophy of the traditional public sphere and the need to adapt the tools of copyright protection in order to ensure public dialogue. The research studies are based largely on the example of the operating system GNU/Linux and knowledge repository – Wikipedia.org, through which the main assumptions of peer production are presented. The paper also points the practical importance of copyleft in this process and the effects it produces in the development of the relations between the actors of the public sphere. The authors have also analyzed the economic benefits of entities using the peer goods and applying copyleft licenses. This approach allowed to show the situations in which it is preferable to abandon copyrights rather than limit them. Considerations carried out in the article led to the following conclusions. First, the concept of copyleft allows shaping of social relations in the public sphere. Second, this relationships lead to the production of digital information goods, such as software and knowledge repositories. Third, the Internet eliminates restrictions on the choice of the role of the participants of the “new” public sphere. Finally, peer production affects the economy by increasing the overall efficiency due to the fact that it can be used by entrepreneurs to increase the profitability of the production process.

3

Produkcja partnerska (peer production): istota i zastosowanie

75%

Speer Ł.

Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy

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2022

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issue 70

41-54

EN

The article identifies an organisational model that could face the threats posed by the modern economy. A knowledge-based economy, apart from obvious benefits, also carries threats. Implementing innovations and transforming the production of goods based on physical resources to the production of goods based on knowledge and intellectual resources requires access to appropriate assets and infrastructure. Since only a part of enterprises can afford to implement a digital transition, unequal differences between large and smaller entities stand out. Despite economic growth, inequalities may worsen and hence may lead to exclusion, especially in locations far from development areas. In the article, the author analyses the concept of peer production, an organisational model referred to as a network phenomenon. Its functioning involves the work of several people connected by a network and at the same time connected in a network. The production of (material and nonmaterial) goods in this model is based on cooperation, self-organisation of work, community building, and a focus on innovation and new technologies. The results of a literature review research methodology indicate that thanks to the features of peer production, it can reduce social inequalities and contribute to economic development. Further empirical research is needed in order to analyse practical usage and models of peer production.

PL

Artykuł ma na celu identyfikację modelu organizacyjnego, który mógłby stawić czoła zagrożeniom, jakie niesie za sobą współczesna gospodarka. Gospodarka oparta na wiedzy niesie za sobą oprócz ewidentnych korzyści także zagrożenia. Konieczność wprowadzania innowacji oraz przestawienie ciężaru działalności z wytwarzania dóbr w oparciu o zarządzanie zasobami rzeczowymi na zarządzanie wiedzą i wykorzystywanie zasobów intelektualnych wymaga dostępu do odpowiednich zasobów i infrastruktury. Sprawia to, że uwydatniają się różnice pomiędzy dużymi a mniejszymi podmiotami. Natomiast pomimo wzrostu gospodarczego, nierówności mogą pogłębiać się, a tym samym może dochodzić do wykluczenia. W artykule autor analizuje koncepcję produkcji partnerskiej (ang. peer production), modelu organizacyjnego zwanego fenomenem sieciowym, angażującego pracę wielu osób połączonych sieciowo. Wytwarzanie dóbr w tym modelu odbywa się w oparciu o współpracę, samoorganizację pracy, tworzenie społeczności oraz ukierunkowaniu na innowacyjność i nowe technologie. Autor posługując się metodą analizy literatury przedmiotu wskazuje, że dzięki jej cechom, produkcja partnerska może zmniejszać nierówności społeczne i przyczyniać się do rozwoju gospodarczego.

4

When Collaboration Becomes Ubiquitously Digital. A Review of Collaborative Society (Dariusz Jemielniak, Aleksandra Przegalinska, Collaborative Society, Cambridge Mass.: The MIT Press 2020, Essential Knowledge Series, pp. 256)

63%

Zygmuntowski J. J.

Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

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2022

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vol. 55

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issue 3

93-97

EN

In recent years, the majority of studies on new technology-related phenomena have focused either on proving the benefits of innovative solutions or on criticizing social costs. The path chosen in the reviewed book Collaborative Society by Dariusz Jemielniak and Aleksandra Przegalinska is to capture a wider cultural shift that is taking place because ICT (Information and Communication Technology) tools allow people to take advantage of their willingness to cooperate. The key thesis is that the collaborative society goes far beyond the sharing economy – or economy in general. New means of digital communication, remix culture and citizen science prove that this shift is transforming social relations and our mutual relations. The authors search for the manifestations of a collaborative society in joint online production and consumption, cooperation of social activists and hacktivism, social production of knowledge, gadgets encouraging cooperation and subversive connection in digital spaces. The future of cooperation is a story about the tension between the new, communal mode of production and its distortion by capitalism. The book is a good summary of the research area and an introduction for anyone looking to explore this topic or participate in a collaborative society.

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1 Ekonomia - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu

1 Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy

1 Oeconomia Copernicana

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2 Czetwertyński S.

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1 Zygmuntowski J. J.

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PEER PRODUCTION IN THE INTERNET AND UNAUTHORIZED COPYING OF AN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE BIT-TORRENT NETWORK

Koncepcja copyleft w procesie wytwarzania dóbr partnerskich

Produkcja partnerska (peer production): istota i zastosowanie

When Collaboration Becomes Ubiquitously Digital. A Review of Collaborative Society (Dariusz Jemielniak, Aleksandra Przegalinska, Collaborative Society, Cambridge Mass.: The MIT Press 2020, Essential Knowledge Series, pp. 256)