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1
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Łączność skazanych ze światem zewnętrznym – kontakty poza murami zakładu karnego

100%
Świergała A. M.
Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe
|
2019
|
vol. 22
|
issue 41
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyze some normative solutions included in currently applicable Executive Penal Code, which ensure that prisoners sustain contact with the outside world. From among the entire range of instruments, the ones that allow a convict to leave prison walls were discussed. The role of sustaining contact with outside world, with particular emphasis on family ties, was also analyzed. Potential threats resulting from granting of passes or permits to temporarily leave the prison were also indicated, which allowed to formulate de lege ferenda postulates.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza wybranych rozwiązań normatywnych, zawartych w aktualnie obowiązującym kodeksie karnym wykonawczym, które służyć mają podtrzymywaniu kontaktów osadzonych ze światem zewnętrznym. Spośród całej gamy instrumentów omówione zostały te, które umożliwiają skazanemu opuszczenie murów zakładu karnego. Omówiona została rola utrzymywania kontaktów z światem zewnętrznym, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem więzi rodzinnych. Wskazane zostały również ewentualne niebezpieczeństwa wynikające z udzielania przepustek bądź zezwoleń na czasowe opuszczenie zakładu karnego, co pozwoliło w konsekwencji na postawienie postulatów de lege ferenda.
2

Indywidualizacja postępowania ze skazanymi jako zasada prawa karnego wykonawczego

75%
Kuć M.
Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL
|
2005
|
vol. 1
|
issue 1 Prawo
145-161
EN
A penitentiary is a special place where the punishment of imprisonment is executed using various principles of executive criminal law. The paper presents individual treatment of prisoners as the principle of executive criminal law, describes the part of penitentiary commission in classifications of prisoners. This study presents penitentiary programmes and measures of penitentiary influence on prisoners indicating their importance for the future of prisoners.
3

Trening uważności w oddziaływaniach resocjalizacyjnych. Kontekst teoretyczny

75%
Muskała M.
Resocjalizacja Polska
|
2018
|
issue 15/2018
53-71
PL
Mimo dużej popularności i skuteczności oddziaływań opartych na koncepcjach kognitywno – behawioralnych w pracy z osadzonymi, poszukuje się innowacyjnych interwencji, które ułatwiłyby proces odchodzenia od przestępczości i zmniejszyły odsetek powrotności na drogę przestępstwa. Te nowe dociekania określa się mianem trzeciej generacji/fali terapii kognitywno-behawioralnych. Istnieje kilka głównych, ugruntowanych empirycznie, metod terapeutycznych mieszczących się w tym nurcie, a wśród nich będące przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania, te oparte na uważności. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest właśnie przedstawienie możliwości i potencjalnych korzyści z zastosowania mindfulness w pracy z osadzonymi. W artykule dokonano analizy teoretycznej, jak i przeglądu badań nad skutkami stosowania tego typu programów oddziaływania w populacji osób odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności, wskazując na kilka obszarów gdzie ich zastosowanie wydaje się ze wszech miar uzasadnione i co ważne, potwierdzone empirycznie.
EN
Despite the great popularity and effectiveness of actions based on cognitive-behavioral approaches in working with inmates, still we are looking for innovative interventions which will facilitate the process of departing from crime and reduce the rate of returning to crime. These new inquiries are specified as third generation/wave of cognitive-behavioral therapies. There are a few, main, empirically established therapeutic methods which belong to this stream, and among them those covered by this article, methods based on mindfulness. The purpose of this elaboration is to present the possibilities and potential benefits of using mindfulness in work with inmates. The article includes a theoretic analysis and a review of research on the effects of such programs in the population of prisoners, pointing out several areas where their application seems to be totally justified and empirically confirmed.
4
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Zatrudnienie skazanych w świetle danych statystycznych na przykładzie Zakładu Karnego w Inowrocławiu w latach 2011-2015

75%
Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne
|
2016
|
vol. 12
|
issue 3
90-103
PL
Celem wykonania kary pozbawienia wolności jest wzbudzenie w skazanym woli współdziałania w kształtowaniu jego społecznie pożądanych postaw. Dla osiągnięcia tego celu stosuje się szereg środków oddziaływań resocjalizacyjnych, wśród których na pierwszym miejscu wymienia się pracę, zwłaszcza taką, która sprzyja zdobywaniu odpowiednich kwalifikacji zawodowych. Zgodnie z art. 121 § 1 Kodeksu karnego wykonawczego skazanemu zapewnia się w miarę możliwości świadczenie pracy, ponieważ jako pozbawiony wolności nie może tej pracy sam znaleźć. Zatrudnienie skazanych jest korzystne zarówno dla samych skazanych, jak i dla pracodawców. Ogromne znaczenie mają także względy resocjalizacyjne. W artykule zaprezentowano analizę poziomu zatrudnienia skazanych w Zakładzie Karnym w Inowrocławiu w latach 2011-2015. Autorka dokonała przeglądu poszczególnych kategorii zatrudnienia skazanych, a także wskazała na zarysowujące się w tym zakresie kierunki zmian.
EN
The aim of the imprisonment penalty is to arouse the willingness of cooperation of the convict in order to shape the preferable social attitudes. To achieve this goal a number of rehabilitation means are applied. The priority here is an employment which helps to acquire professional qualifications. If possible, the convict is provided a workplace because as a liberty deprived person, he is unable to do it personally, in accordance to Rule 121§ 1 of Penal Code. Employing the convicts is profitable for both sides; the convicts and the employers. Additionally, rehabilitation reasons are also significant. This article presents the analysis of the level of the convicts employment in Penitentiary in Inowrocław between 2011-2015. The author surveyed the individual categories of the convicts employment and mentioned the new directions of changes in this area.
5
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Gotowość do zadośćuczynienia a empatia u osób odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności – komunikat z badań

75%
Trojanowska E.
Kultura i Wychowanie
|
2017
|
vol. 12
11-22
EN
Preparedness for redress is an extremely rare subject of research. An important aspect is the willingness of prisoners to compensate, as this may signal progress in their resocialization. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between the willingness to undertake redress and the empathy of those who are sentenced to imprisonment. The research was conducted using a diagnostic survey. The group of respondents consisted of 44 men. The results of the research indicated that among the prisoners there was a positive relationship between a general readiness for reparation and an understanding of the viewpoint of others. There was also a positive correlation between willingness to redress in the form of service and understanding the viewpoint of others.
PL
Gotowość do zadośćuczynienia jest niezwykle rzadko podejmowanym przedmiotem badań. Ważnym aspektem są uwarunkowania gotowości do zadośćuczynienia osadzonych, ponieważ mogą wskazywać kierunek oddziaływań resocjalizacyjnych. Dlatego też celem opracowania jest ustalenie zależności między gotowością do zadośćuczynienia a empatią osób odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności w zakładzie karnym. Badania własne zostały przeprowadzone z wykorzystaniem sondażu diagnostycznego. Grupę badanych stanowi 44 mężczyzn. Wyniki badań własnych wskazują, że u osadzonych występuje pozytywna zależność między ogólną gotowością do zadośćuczynienia a przyjmowaniem punktu widzenia innych osób. Stwierdzono również dodatnią korelację między gotowością do zadośćuczynienia usługowego a przyjmowaniem perspektywy innych osób.
6

Kształtowanie się polskiego modelu wykonywania tymczasowego aresztowania w latach 1945−1969

75%
Kwieciński A., Pałaszewski P.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2014
|
vol. 32
81 - 99
EN
This publication aims to show the evolution of the statute related with the performance of the strictest preventive measures. The analysis covers the period from the end of World War II until the legislation of the first Polish Executive Penal Code. Explorationof research concerned the most important legal and other acts specifying the status of the person against whom preventive detention is enforced. There are also presented the statistics related to preventive detention during this period.
7

РОЛЬ ТЮРЕМНИХ БІБЛІОТЕК У ПРОЦЕСІ РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЇ УВ’ЯЗНЕНИХ У ХІХ – НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТ.

75%
Стремецька В.
Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології
|
2015
|
issue 1(45)
105-113
EN
The article focuses on the functioning of prison libraries in foreign countries and the Russian Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. It is shown that these libraries were provided with enough books of different genres, periodicals and published their own periodicals. The penal issues included the events ofthe life of the correctional institution and did not contain the reports of various crimes (that was their difference from secular ones). The prisoners could participate in the publication of the newspapers under the guidance of a priest, a director of a prison school or a head of the penitentiary. The newspaper, on the one hand, had to promote the moral and intellectual development of the prisoners, on the other hand had to keep them informed of the events in the world. The most famous prison periodicals were «Prison Mirror», «Star of Hope», «The summary», «Our Paper», «Reformatory Outlook» and others.The prison libraries contained artistic, journalistic and popular scientific publications that were quite consistent with the level of the prisoners’ education. The director of the prison could allow a prisoner reading books that were not included in the catalog, ifa prisoner did not know thebook’s language, or if a prisoner of higher education needed specialized literature. Each prison library should have the books on health, housekeeping, food and beverage utility, the dangers of alcohol, crafts, agriculture, books in foreign languages, on history, geography, anthropology; dictionaries, descriptions of travels hadbeen recommended. It is interesting to note that some penitentiaries contained reading rooms. The problems of the functioning of prison libraries were discussed at the congressesof the prison theorists. The author believes that books and periodicals fulfilled the developmental, educational, corrective and therapeutic, recreational, adaptive functions in the rehabilitation of the prisoners. There were some difficulties in the operation of the libraries, such as a lack of system, unscientific approach to the selection of literature, uncertainty about a person who should be engaged in the selection of the books, cataloging them and so on. There were active debates among the experts about the wisdom of reading entertaining and comic books, the books containing violence, pessimistic ones. It was recommended to give preference to those ones which described the manifestation of heroism, sacrifice, love of country.
8
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Znaczenie rodziny w życiu skazanych poszkodowanych – opinie, oceny i potrzeby

75%
Snopek M.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica
|
2020
|
issue 25
147-159
EN
The questions addressed in the present paper concern the family relations of persons deprived of freedom who – remaining in the prison environment – have been degraded, that is convicts occupying the lowest rung in the informal penitentiary system, so-called victimized prisoners. They make a specific community, rejected and humiliated by other inmates. The necessity to ensure safety to them and help them protect their personal characteristics generates difficulties in activities of rehabilitative character. The aim of the research was to show the family relations of people degraded in the prison environment – a subject that has not been studied to date. The method of diagnostic survey was used, including the technique of questionnaire and interview. Two original research tools were designed. The research was conducted within a group of 151 victimized prisoners and 15 correction officers. Good relations with the loved ones, on the other hand, influence the convicts both whole in the penal institution and after they leave it. Furthermore, the convicts’ consciousness that they are supported by their closest relatives determines their thinking about themselves: they do not feel rejected, which – in the case of persons degraded in their environment – is of utmost importance.
9

Mindfulness training in social rehabilitation effects. The theoretical context

75%
Muskała M.
Resocjalizacja Polska
|
2018
|
issue 15/2018
49-66
EN
Despite the great popularity and effectiveness of actions based on cognitive-behavioral approaches in working with inmates, still we are looking for innovative interventions which will facilitate the process of departing from crime and reduce the rate of returning to crime. These new inquiries are specified as third generation/wave of cognitive-behavioral therapies. There are a few, main, empirically established therapeutic methods which belong to this stream, and among them those covered by this article, methods based on mindfulness. The purpose of this elaboration is to present the possibilities and potential benefits of using mindfulness in work with inmates. The article includes a theoretic analysis and a review of research on the effects of such programs in the population of prisoners, pointing out several areas where their application seems to be totally justified and empirically confirmed.
PL
Mimo dużej popularności i skuteczności oddziaływań opartych na koncepcjach kognitywno – behawioralnych w pracy z osadzonymi, poszukuje się innowacyjnych interwencji, które ułatwiłyby proces odchodzenia od przestępczości i zmniejszyły odsetek powrotności na drogę przestępstwa. Te nowe dociekania określa się mianem trzeciej generacji/fali terapii kognitywno-behawioralnych. Istnieje kilka głównych, ugruntowanych empirycznie, metod terapeutycznych mieszczących się w tym nurcie, a wśród nich będące przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania, te oparte na uważności. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest właśnie przedstawienie możliwości i potencjalnych korzyści z zastosowania mindfulness w pracy z osadzonymi. W artykule dokonano analizy teoretycznej, jak i przeglądu badań nad skutkami stosowania tego typu programów oddziaływania w populacji osób odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności, wskazując na kilka obszarów gdzie ich zastosowanie wydaje się ze wszech miar uzasadnione i co ważne, potwierdzone empirycznie.
10

Modele adaptacji skazanych do warunków więziennych - wyniki badań własnych

75%
Kanarek-Lizik D.
Resocjalizacja Polska
|
2013
|
issue 4/2013
193-213
PL
Skazani, którzy trafiają do jednostek penitencjarnych w celu odbycia kary pozbawienia wolności stają przed koniecznością dokonania wyboru odpowiedniej techniki (modelu) radzenia sobie z dolegliwościami sytuacji więziennej, a jednocześnie sposobu zmniejszania rozbieżności pomiędzy środowiskiem zamkniętym, a światem zewnętrznym. Aby poznać te techniki skonstruowano kwestionariusz dotyczący modelu adaptacji skazanych do warunków więziennych w oparciu o wyszczególnione przez E. Goffmana typy przystosowania tj. wycofanie, bunt, zadomowienie, zimną kalkulację i konwersję. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań własnych dotyczące modeli adaptacji skazanych do warunków więziennych. Badaniami objęto recydywistów penitencjarnych oraz dorosłych pierwszy raz odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności.
EN
Convicted who are sent to penitentiary, units in order to serve a sentence of imprisonment, are obliged to choose a proper technique (model) of coping with the imprisonment discomfort and the way of minimizing discrepancy between the restricted and the outer world at the same time. In order to know these techniques, there has been a special questionnaire written which applies to a model of adopting the convicted to the imprisonment conditions. This questionnaire is based on the types of adaptations enumerated by E. Goffman and these are withdrawal, rebellion, settling down, cold calculation and conversion. In this article I introduced the results of my own research that concern the models of adopting the convicted to the imprisonment conditions. The survey included recidivists and the adults who serve a sentence of imprisonment for the first time.
11
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Znaczenie rodziny w życiu skazanych poszkodowanych – opinie, oceny i potrzeby

75%
Snopek M.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica
|
2020
|
issue 25
EN
The questions addressed in the present paper concern the family relations of persons deprived of freedomwho – remaining in the prison environment – have been degraded, that is convicts occupying the lowestrung in the informal penitentiary system, so-called victimized prisoners. They make a specific community,rejected and humiliated by other inmates. The necessity to ensure safety to them and help them protecttheir personal characteristics generates difficulties in activities of rehabilitative character.The aim of the research was to show the family relations of people degraded in the prison environment– a subject that has not been studied to date. The method of diagnostic survey was used, including thetechnique of questionnaire and interview. Two original research tools were designed. The research wasconducted within a group of 151 victimized prisoners and 15 correction officers.Good relations with the loved ones, on the other hand, influence the convicts both whole in the penalinstitution and after they leave it. Furthermore, the convicts’ consciousness that they are supported by theirclosest relatives determines their thinking about themselves: they do not feel rejected, which – in the caseof persons degraded in their environment – is of utmost importance.
12
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Autowizerunek funkcjonariusza służby ochrony więziennictwa: studium przypadku Zakładu Karnego w Rawiczu

71%
Wódczyński P.
Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM
|
2020
|
issue 21
129-148
EN
The main objectives of the article are to determine the types of self-perception of officers in protection service in the prison system in penitentiary in Rawicz and to explain why the officers have specific self-creation mechanisms. Territorial boundaries are limited to the Penitentiary in Rawicz, temporarily to the period from September 2018 to March 2019, subjective to officers of the Protection Service in the Prison System, subject to self-image of their professional role. They were achieved by solving the following research problems: What are the ways to self-create the image of the officers? Why do the officers have specific mechanisms? Conclusions: the director and his deputies should take appropriate actions to stop the development of negative self-image creation. A qualitative field method was used, namely a survey. The technique used is in-depth interview, and the tools are the questionnaire and the typology of the interview auto-run. The study shows that most of the respondents are classified in the middle of the scale. The most important issue, which the study showed, is the fact that in the vast majority of respondents after a period of time (which is already dependent on the individual predispositions of the individual) the choice of the good or bad side is made, i.e. the start of the creation their person as a hero, savior, or servant, antichrist. The issue of thinking about one’s work (service) as bureaucratic, derogatory and badly judged by others, or the needed, heroic, necessary for the good of the whole society is raised here.
PL
Celami głównymi artykułu są: określenie sposobów postrzegania funkcjonariuszy służby ochrony więziennictwa Zakładu Karnego w Rawiczu poprzez nich samych oraz wyjaśnienie, dlaczego u strażników występują konkretne mechanizmy autokreacyjne. Granice terytorialne ograniczają się do ZK w Rawiczu, czasowe do okresu od września 2018 do marca 2019 r., podmiotowe do funkcjonariuszy służby ochrony więziennictwa ZK w Rawiczu, przedmiotowe do autowizerunku pełnionej roli zawodowej. Osiągnięto je przez rozwiązanie następujących problemów badawczych: Jakie są sposoby autokreacji wizerunku strażników? Dlaczego u strażników występują konkretne mechanizmy? Wnioski: dyrektor oraz jego zastępcy powinni podjąć odpowiednie działania, dzięki którym winni powstrzymać rozwój negatywnego kreowania autowizerunku. Wykorzystano jakościową metodę terenową, mianowicie badanie sondażowe. Zastosowana technika to wywiad pogłębiony, a narzędzia – kwestionariusz wywiadu i typologia autowizerunku wywiadu. Badanie pokazuje, że większość z badanych klasyfikuje się po środku skali. Najważniejszą kwestią, którą wykazało badanie, jest fakt, iż u zdecydowanej większości badanych po czasie (który jest już zależny od indywidualnych predyspozycji jednostki) następuje wybór tej dobrej, bądź złej strony, czyli rozpoczęcia kreacji swojej osoby jako bohatera, zbawiciela, bądź służbisty, antychrysta. Poruszana jest tu kwestia myślenia o swojej pracy (służbie) jako katorżniczej, uwłaczającej i źle ocenianej przez innych, bądź tej potrzebnej, heroicznej, niezbędnej dla dobra całego społeczeństwa.
13
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Autowizerunek funkcjonariusza służby ochrony więziennictwa: studium przypadku Zakładu Karnego w Rawiczu

71%
Wódczyński P.
Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM
|
2020
|
issue 21
EN
The main objectives of the article are to determine the types of self-perception of officers in protection service in the prison system in penitentiary in Rawicz and to explain why the officers have specific self-creation mechanisms. Territorial boundaries are limited to the Penitentiary in Rawicz, temporarily to the period from September 2018 to March 2019, subjective to officers of the Protection Service in the Prison System, subject to self-image of their professional role. They were achieved by solving the following research problems: What are the ways to self-create the image of the officers? Why do the officers have specific mechanisms? Conclusions: the director and his deputies should take appropriate actions to stop the development of negative self-image creation. A qualitative field method was used, namely a survey. The technique used is in-depth interview, and the tools are the questionnaire and the typology of the interview auto-run. The study shows that most of the respondents are classified in the middle of the scale. The most important issue, which the study showed, is the fact that in the vast majority of respondents after a period of time (which is already dependent on the individual predispositions of the individual) the choice of the good or bad side is made, i.e. the start of the creation their person as a hero, savior, or servant, antichrist. The issue of thinking about one’s work (service) as bureaucratic, derogatory and badly judged by others, or the needed, heroic, necessary for the good of the whole society is raised here.
PL
Celami głównymi artykułu są: określenie sposobów postrzegania funkcjonariuszy służby ochrony więziennictwa Zakładu Karnego w Rawiczu poprzez nich samych oraz wyjaśnienie, dlaczego u strażników występują konkretne mechanizmy autokreacyjne. Granice terytorialne ograniczają się do ZK w Rawiczu, czasowe do okresu od września 2018 do marca 2019 r., podmiotowe do funkcjonariuszy służby ochrony więziennictwa ZK w Rawiczu, przedmiotowe do autowizerunku pełnionej roli zawodowej. Osiągnięto je przez rozwiązanie następujących problemów badawczych: Jakie są sposoby autokreacji wizerunku strażników? Dlaczego u strażników występują konkretne mechanizmy? Wnioski: dyrektor oraz jego zastępcy powinni podjąć odpowiednie działania, dzięki którym winni powstrzymać rozwój negatywnego kreowania autowizerunku. Wykorzystano jakościową metodę terenową, mianowicie badanie sondażowe. Zastosowana technika to wywiad pogłębiony, a narzędzia – kwestionariusz wywiadu i typologia autowizerunku wywiadu. Badanie pokazuje, że większość z badanych klasyfikuje się po środku skali. Najważniejszą kwestią, którą wykazało badanie, jest fakt, iż u zdecydowanej większości badanych po czasie (który jest już zależny od indywidualnych predyspozycji jednostki) następuje wybór tej dobrej, bądź złej strony, czyli rozpoczęcia kreacji swojej osoby jako bohatera, zbawiciela, bądź służbisty, antychrysta. Poruszana jest tu kwestia myślenia o swojej pracy (służbie) jako katorżniczej, uwłaczającej i źle ocenianej przez innych, bądź tej potrzebnej, heroicznej, niezbędnej dla dobra całego społeczeństwa.
14
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Zakład karny i wykonanie kary pozbawienia wolności w opinii społeczności lokalnej

66%
Mościskier A.
Archiwum Kryminologii
|
1984
|
issue XI
245-267
EN
Basically, the study concers three  problems. Firstly, an attempt was made to explain the mechanism which led to the results obtained by other authors. They found a supposedly most rigorous attitude of the Polish society towards law breakers, which was to become manifest in the demands for relentless and severe punishment of such persons. This highly rigorous attitude has been confirmed in the present study too, yet only in answers to questions drawn up as generally as those put by the mentioned authors. As the level of abstractness of the questions is lowered, the rigorous attitude diminishes, which finds expression, among others, in the disapproval of a number of penalties applied by regulation during the execution of imprisonment.       Secondly  the attitude of the local community was presented not only towards prisoners, but also towards prison einployees. As compared with many other occupations, the prestige of prison employees is rather low, yet in spite of a certain social isolation, their general opinion is not negative. It is also worthy of attention that the sense of social distance between prisoners and community was les marked than expected.       Thirdly, the attitude was described towards prison as a physical object and an institution in the local community. This problem was studies by means of questions about the opinion on the very fact of existence of such an object in twon, the possible impact the prison has on economy, supplies, etc., an  the citizens’  feeling of safety. In this formulation, the results fail to point to the existence of markedly negative attitudes, though some socio-demographic features of the examined persons tend  to differentiate their answers.       The study was realized from 1979 till 1981. In spite of the considerable interval and the differences in the country's respective social situations, the answers given by the examined persons from both groups were nearly parallel to each other.      In 1979, random samples of adults were examined, inhabitants of two towns, about 25 thousand inhabitants each, in which there were prisons. In one of these towns, the prison had been established over 20 years before, while in the second one, it was only a few years old. In each town, 200 persons were examined by means of a questionnaire, which makes the total of 400 examined persons.        In 1981, 462 persons were examined by means of the same questionnaire, who were selected with the use of "Quota Sampling" from the population of 10 towns of 11 to 95 thousand of inhabitants, in which there were prisons.        The study was intentionally realized in towns of medium population. The aim was to examine communities large enough for the prison not to dominate them on the one hand, and on the other hand, small enough to enable an assumption that a majority of inhabitants have a certain knowledge and opinions about the prison acquired through observation and nin-institutionalized flow of information.       As regards the opinion on imprisonment, it should first of all be stressed that over  50 per cent of the examined persons are of opinion that the essential aim oi this type of penalty should be the resocialization of prisoners. About 23 per cent of answers concerning this problem referred to the idea of individual prevention; 12-18 per cent of the examined persons were of opinion that imprisonment should serve to protect the society from the criminal by isolating him for a certain period of time; about 6 per cent of answers pointed to retribution as the aim of punishment, while  as few as 2-3 per cent considered the aim to be general prevention.        However, to find out if the attitude of the examined persons was rigorous or tolerant, answers to other questions were more significant, that is those concerning the mothods of execution of imprisonment, i.e., the penalties and rewards applied  towards  prisoners and the rights they enjoy. Here, a significant trend appeared to turn from rigorous to tolerant  attitudes as the level of generality of questions lowered. It seems that questions about certain abstract principles, which in the mind of an average man have no connection with any actual situation or person,  provoked answers which hinted at a rigorous attitude; yet whenever the same respondent had to answer a question which allowed him to realize the details of a given situation or the position of a given persons in such circumstances, the tolerant attitude prevailed.       Thus, for instance, as many as over 70 per cent of the examined persons approved of the most  general  statement that  „in prison, strict discipline should reign”.  When another question was asked, this time less generally formulated,  if „all amenities of life and attractive activities should be reduced to a minimum”, the numbers of approving and disapproving answers were more or less equal, which points to the lowering of the level of rigorism. The answers to further questions concerning definite cases frankly contradict  those given  to the former questions and point to a markedly tolerant attitude. Thus, for example, the question if „a prisoner should have free access to newspapers, radio, and TV in his leisure time”, was answered in the affirmative by over 75 per cent of the examined persons.       Also the questions about definite penalties and rewards applied towards prisoners were answered in a way which seems to point to the prevalence of tolerant attitudes over rigorism. The majority of the examined persons are for abolition or limitation of penalties provided by prison regulations and for granting the prisoners with a number of rights, such as unlimited receipt of parcels, letters, and visitors from the outside (prison regulations limit the number of such prisoners' contacts with the outside world and treat any extension of these contacts as a special reward). The examined  persons were also for alegal regulation of the sphere of prisoners' work, pointing to the need for making the working conditions in prison resemble those generally found in State-controlled economy.       Also the rational attitude of the public opinion towards prison should be stressed. The prison is perceived as an institution which could play a greater part than before in the life of the local community, particularly through including prisoners in the borader social unit and increasing their participation in the town’s economic activity. The citizens’ expectations point in this direction, accompanied also by the favourable opinion as to the extending of the prisoners' range of personal liberty outside the prison walls. In this connection, also the attitude of fear of the prisoners was much less marked than had been expected, as well as the bias against them, both of which appear in principle only as regards a small group of dangerous criminals.       The attitude of the local community towards prison employees is a completely separate problem. It is characterized by a peculiar ambivalence: on the one hand, prison employees enjoy a good reputation as persons and members of the local community, their financial status perceived as decidedly higher than that of an average citizen. On the other hand, however, the social status of a prison employee is estimated as very low, as compared with other professions, which is accompanied by a stressed disapproval revealed by the examined persons of the very fact of working in a prison. This may lead to a conclusion that in the social consciousness disfavourable opinion persists as to the human relations in prison and the nature of work of prison employees. This is an additional factor which speaks for changes in the system of execution of the penalty of deprivation of liberty which would modernize it and adjust it to the contemporary progressive trends in the world. The present study has not only confirmed the existence of social support for such changes but it has also revealed the conducive atmosphere to a far-reaching reform in this field.
PL
     Basically, the study concers three  problems. Firstly, an attempt was made to explain the mechanism which led to the results obtained by other authors. They found a supposedly most rigorous attitude of the Polish society towards law breakers, which was to become manifest in the demands for relentless and severe punishment of such persons. This highly rigorous attitude has been confirmed in the present study too, yet only in answers to questions drawn up as generally as those put by the mentioned authors. As the level of abstractness of the questions is lowered, the rigorous attitude diminishes, which finds expression, among others, in the disapproval of a number of penalties applied by regulation during the execution of imprisonment.       Secondly  the attitude of the local community was presented not only towards prisoners, but also towards prison einployees. As compared with many other occupations, the prestige of prison employees is rather low, yet in spite of a certain social isolation, their general opinion is not negative. It is also worthy of attention that the sense of social distance between prisoners and community was les marked than expected.       Thirdly, the attitude was described towards prison as a physical object and an institution in the local community. This problem was studies by means of questions about the opinion on the very fact of existence of such an object in twon, the possible impact the prison has on economy, supplies, etc., an  the citizens’  feeling of safety. In this formulation, the results fail to point to the existence of markedly negative attitudes, though some socio-demographic features of the examined persons tend  to differentiate their answers.       The study was realized from 1979 till 1981. In spite of the considerable interval and the differences in the country's respective social situations, the answers given by the examined persons from both groups were nearly parallel to each other.      In 1979, random samples of adults were examined, inhabitants of two towns, about 25 thousand inhabitants each, in which there were prisons. In one of these towns, the prison had been established over 20 years before, while in the second one, it was only a few years old. In each town, 200 persons were examined by means of a questionnaire, which makes the total of 400 examined persons.        In 1981, 462 persons were examined by means of the same questionnaire, who were selected with the use of "Quota Sampling" from the population of 10 towns of 11 to 95 thousand of inhabitants, in which there were prisons.        The study was intentionally realized in towns of medium population. The aim was to examine communities large enough for the prison not to dominate them on the one hand, and on the other hand, small enough to enable an assumption that a majority of inhabitants have a certain knowledge and opinions about the prison acquired through observation and nin-institutionalized flow of information.       As regards the opinion on imprisonment, it should first of all be stressed that over  50 per cent of the examined persons are of opinion that the essential aim oi this type of penalty should be the resocialization of prisoners. About 23 per cent of answers concerning this problem referred to the idea of individual prevention; 12-18 per cent of the examined persons were of opinion that imprisonment should serve to protect the society from the criminal by isolating him for a certain period of time; about 6 per cent of answers pointed to retribution as the aim of punishment, while  as few as 2-3 per cent considered the aim to be general prevention.        However, to find out if the attitude of the examined persons was rigorous or tolerant, answers to other questions were more significant, that is those concerning the mothods of execution of imprisonment, i.e., the penalties and rewards applied  towards  prisoners and the rights they enjoy. Here, a significant trend appeared to turn from rigorous to tolerant  attitudes as the level of generality of questions lowered. It seems that questions about certain abstract principles, which in the mind of an average man have no connection with any actual situation or person,  provoked answers which hinted at a rigorous attitude; yet whenever the same respondent had to answer a question which allowed him to realize the details of a given situation or the position of a given persons in such circumstances, the tolerant attitude prevailed.       Thus, for instance, as many as over 70 per cent of the examined persons approved of the most  general  statement that  „in prison, strict discipline should reign”.  When another question was asked, this time less generally formulated,  if „all amenities of life and attractive activities should be reduced to a minimum”, the numbers of approving and disapproving answers were more or less equal, which points to the lowering of the level of rigorism. The answers to further questions concerning definite cases frankly contradict  those given  to the former questions and point to a markedly tolerant attitude. Thus, for example, the question if „a prisoner should have free access to newspapers, radio, and TV in his leisure time”, was answered in the affirmative by over 75 per cent of the examined persons.       Also the questions about definite penalties and rewards applied towards prisoners were answered in a way which seems to point to the prevalence of tolerant attitudes over rigorism. The majority of the examined persons are for abolition or limitation of penalties provided by prison regulations and for granting the prisoners with a number of rights, such as unlimited receipt of parcels, letters, and visitors from the outside (prison regulations limit the number of such prisoners' contacts with the outside world and treat any extension of these contacts as a special reward). The examined  persons were also for alegal regulation of the sphere of prisoners' work, pointing to the need for making the working conditions in prison resemble those generally found in State-controlled economy.       Also the rational attitude of the public opinion towards prison should be stressed. The prison is perceived as an institution which could play a greater part than before in the life of the local community, particularly through including prisoners in the borader social unit and increasing their participation in the town’s economic activity. The citizens’ expectations point in this direction, accompanied also by the favourable opinion as to the extending of the prisoners' range of personal liberty outside the prison walls. In this connection, also the attitude of fear of the prisoners was much less marked than had been expected, as well as the bias against them, both of which appear in principle only as regards a small group of dangerous criminals.       The attitude of the local community towards prison employees is a completely separate problem. It is characterized by a peculiar ambivalence: on the one hand, prison employees enjoy a good reputation as persons and members of the local community, their financial status perceived as decidedly higher than that of an average citizen. On the other hand, however, the social status of a prison employee is estimated as very low, as compared with other professions, which is accompanied by a stressed disapproval revealed by the examined persons of the very fact of working in a prison. This may lead to a conclusion that in the social consciousness disfavourable opinion persists as to the human relations in prison and the nature of work of prison employees. This is an additional factor which speaks for changes in the system of execution of the penalty of deprivation of liberty which would modernize it and adjust it to the contemporary progressive trends in the world. The present study has not only confirmed the existence of social support for such changes but it has also revealed the conducive atmosphere to a far-reaching reform in this field.
15

Więzienie a skazani młodociani

63%
Linowski K.
Resocjalizacja Polska
|
2013
|
issue 4/2013
215-230
PL
Borucki Z. (1976). Teoretyczna koncepcja przystosowania ogólnego we współczesnej psychologii. Zeszyty Naukowe WSP w Szczecinie 15. Ciosek M. (1996). Człowiek w obliczu izolacji więziennej. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Archidiecezji Gdańskiej „Stella Maris”. Goffman E. (1975). Charakterystyka instytucji totalnych. W: Elementy teorii socjologicznych. Warszawa: PWN. Obuchowski K. (1961). Model i typ przystosowania psychicznego człowieka. Zeszyty Naukowe UAM 5. Przetacznik-Gierowska M., Makiełło-Jarża G. (1985). Psychologia rozwojowa i wychowawcza wieku dziecięcego. Warszawa: WSiP. Sikora J. (1978). Problemy resocjalizacji w świetle badań psychologicznych. Warszawa: PWN. Tomaszewski T. (1967). Psychologia jako nauka o człowieku. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Książka i Wiedza. Wolfgang M. (1961). Ouantitative analysis of adjustment to the prison community. Criminology and Police Science 51.
EN
Penalty, including imprisonment comprises one of the basic forms of reaction to crime. It differs from other possible penalties in the degree of discomfort and in the legal consequences. There are also different goals in case of criminal penalty as a legal and social consequence of a crime or misconduct. Imprisonment aims at taking different actions which consequently, should lead to the situation where the criminal does not return to committing crimes. It is so called penitentiary rehabilitation which is a multidimensional phenomenon and it should be considered from the modern society point of view. Its range includes correction of inadequate individual’s behavior and his or her adaptation of norms and values shared by the general public, as well as taking and being persistent in the process of designing oneself, own personality and consistent implementation of the self- vision in the future, organized hierarchically for the given time periods. Therefore, different means and action are taken under the implementation of imprisonment. Moreover, convicted prisoners are divided into different groups in penitentiaries. One of the groups is the group of young convicts. The goal of this article is to examine and describe the opinion of the young convicts on the penitentiary as a penal and rehabilitation institution. To perform the study, sixty young convicts were selected. In the test method, the diagnostic survey was applied. The original authoring questionnaire was used in the study. The study was performed in the Penitentiary in Radom, in December 2012.
16
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‘Don’t Look Back, You Thief!’. Violence towards Convicted Criminals in Prisons in the Last Decade of Communist Poland

63%
Szczepanik R., Cieślikowska-Ryczko A.
Acta Poloniae Historica
|
2018
|
vol. 118
PL
This article seeks to reconstruct the victimisation of so-called ‘criminal’ prisoners at penitentiary facilities during the last decade of what was the People’s Republic of Poland (i.e. communist Poland). The introductory section outlines the context of the implemented and evolving penitentiary policy of the past years and the importance of the political system transformation for the organisation of the penitentiary system. The proposed analysis focuses on the violence experience in the relations of the convicted with the prison officers. The article describes the methods of building and reinforcing (inter)dependence relations founded upon various forms of violence – primarily, direct physical actions and the managing by the officers of poor social conditions that led to degrade and symbolically depersonalise the prisoners. The description, moreover, includes the strategies the inmates resorted to in dealing with the oppression they experienced. The analysis is based on interviews with multiple recidivists and autobiographical letters of prisoners who served time in the 1980s decade.
17
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ONTOLOGICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL REMARKS ON PENITENTIARY AND ITS AUTONOMY

63%
Czarkowski J. J.
International Journal of Legal Studies (IJOLS)
|
2018
|
issue 3(1)
123-140
EN
Modern society, globalization processes and rapidly advancing technological progress poses new challenges to the prison system. Contemporary penitentiary science needs to define its ontological and epistemological basis, in particular, the subject of research.
PL
Nowoczesne społeczeństwo, procesy globalizacyjne oraz dynamicznie postępujący rozwój technologiczny stawiają nowe wyzwania przed systemem więziennictwa.Współczesna peni-tencjarystyka potrzebuje określenia swoich ontologicznych i epistemologicznych podstaw, w szczególności przedmiotu badań.
18
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Decyzje centralnych organów rządowych w procesie kształtowania systemu organizacji więziennictwa Królestwa Polskiego na tle wybranych polskich koncepcji penitencjarnych początku XIX wieku

63%
Bieda J.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
|
2015
|
vol. XCIV (94)
11-29
PL
Wiek XIX to okres zasadniczych reform więziennictwa niemalże w całej Europie Zachodniej. Był to czas, w którym wiele europejskich ustawodawstw karnych (w tym także na ziemiach Królestwa Polskiego) przechodziło od sankcji cielesnych w kierunku kary pozbawienia wolności. Fakt ten wywołał szeroką dyskusję na temat nowej organizacji więziennictwa. Sytuacja w polskich zakładach karnych u progu XIX wieku nie odpowiadała nawet ówczesnym standardom. Pewna poprawa nastąpiła dopiero po 1818 roku, na skutek niezadowolenia cara Aleksandra I z wizytacji niektórych warszawskich zakładów karnych. Od tego momentu obserwowano istotne działania centralnych organów administracji rządowej, a także pojawienie się śmiałych koncepcji polskich reformatorów penitencjarnych. Niestety, regulacje wydane przez Komisje Rządowe nie miały charakteru ogólnosystemowego. Odnosiły się one tylko do niektórych kwestii podnoszonych w doktrynie. Brakowało niewątpliwie przepisów określających zasady opieki lekarskiej i duchowej nad więźniami, a także wytycznych co do urządzenia i utrzymania cel, jak również odpowiedniego wyżywienia osadzonych, nauki rzemiosła czy też organizacji fabryk więziennych.
EN
The nineteenth century was a period of major reforms in the prison almost throughout Western Europe. It is a time in which many European criminal laws (including the territories of the Kingdom Polish) passes from the sanctions corporal in the direction of imprisonment. The event caused a wide discussion on the new organization of the prison. The situation in Polish prisons at the beginning of the nineteenth century, did not answer even the then standards. Some improvements after 1818, due to the discontent of Tsar Alexander I of the visit some prisons in Warsaw. From that moment on seeing meaningful action central government authorities, and the emergence of bold conception Polish penal reformers. Unfortunately, the regulations issued by the Government Commission does not have the character of system-wide. These related to certain issues raised in the doctrine. There was no doubt for the rules governing medical care and spiritual prisoners as well as guidelines for equipment and maintenance purpose as well as adequate food inmates, science, crafts, or organizations prison factories.
19
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Wolność sumienia i religii sprawców szczególnie niebezpiecznych (art. 88a i 88b k.k.w.)

63%
Nikołajew J.
Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego
|
2020
|
vol. 23
245-261
EN
The freedom of conscience and religion belongs to the catalogue of basic human rights. However, the realization of the entitlements deriving from this freedom in the case of dangerous offenders takes places under conditions of a penitentiary institution, in rooms with a high level of protection. At the same time, contact with other people, including the clergy, is limited in a maximum way. The legislator has decided that restricting the realization of the rights of particularly dangerous offenders is necessary to ensure security of the prison. However, such restrictions may also be considered inhumane treatment, especially when their use is disproportionate to the threat to prison security. Abuses may occur especially when the scale of the threat to prison security is assessed by the prison administration themselves. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the provisions of the Executive Criminal Code and regulate the religious entitlements of dangerous offenders.
PL
Wolność sumienia i religii należy do katalogu podstawowych praw człowieka. Jednak realizacja związanych z tym uprawnień w przypadku skazanych niebezpiecznych została ograniczona przez konieczność ich wykonywania w warunkach oddziału, w pomieszczeniach o wysokim stopniu zabezpieczenia ochronnego. Również kontakt skazanych niebezpiecznych z innymi osobami (w tym także duchownym) ograniczono w sposób maksymalny. Ustawodawca uznał, że stosowanie ograniczeń w realizacji uprawnień sprawców szczególnie niebezpiecznych jest potrzebne do zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa zakładu karnego. Jednak wprowadzone obostrzenia można także uznać za element nieludzkiego traktowania, zwłaszcza wówczas, gdy ich stosowanie jest niewspółmierne wobec zagrożenia więziennego bezpieczeństwa. Nadużycia mogą występować zwłaszcza wtedy, gdy administracja więzienna sama decyduje o skali istniejącego w więzieniu zagrożenia. Stąd też konieczne są zmiany przepisów Kodeksu karnego wykonawczego, polegające na wprowadzeniu szczegółowych unormowań dotyczących religijnych uprawnień skazanych niebezpiecznych.
20
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Organizacja i funkcjonowanie aresztów policyjnych w Królestwie Polskim w latach 1817–1867. Część I

63%
Bieda J.
Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego
|
2019
|
vol. 22
107-126
EN
Police detention centres were created by the Government Commission of Internal and Police Affairs of October 6, 1817. They were brought to life to provide a suitable place of isolation for people arrested by the police authorities during the first steps of the investigation. However, in the following years they gained further functions as prisons for persons sentenced to short-term imprisonment or as accommodation for transported prisoners. The aim of this study is to present the legal basis for detention in police custody until the Government Commission for Internal Affairs is liquidated (1867) on the basis of administrative regulations issued by central government administration bodies and documents collected in state archives. Unfortunately, the preserved archival material is very fragmentary, it does not allow precise determination of places where police arrests have been organized, or detailed statistics on persons held in these centers. Certainly, however, we can conclude that the police detention centres in the entire period considered were mainly places of detention for police arrested persons, and that the regulations on the time of detention were repeatedly violated.
PL
Areszty policyjne zostały utworzone na mocy rozporządzenia Komisji Rządowej Spraw Wewnętrznych i Policji z dnia 6 października 1817 r. Powołano je do życia w celu zapewnienia odpowiedniego miejsca odizolowania dla osób aresztowanych przez władze policyjne w trakcie pierwszych czynności śledztwa. Jednakże w następnych latach areszty policyjne zyskały kolejne funkcje – jako więzienia dla osób skazanych na krótkoterminowe kary pozbawienia wolności czy jako miejsca noclegowe dla transportowanych więźniów. Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie podstaw prawnych osadzenia w areszcie policyjnym obowiązujących do roku 1867, czyli do czasu likwidacji Komisji Rządowej Spraw Wewnętrznych. Analizie poddano przepisy administracyjne wydawane przez centralne organyadministracji rządowej oraz dokumenty zgromadzone w archiwach państwowych, Niestety zachowany materiał archiwalny jest bardzo fragmentaryczny i nie pozwala na precyzyjne ustalenie miejsc, w których zorganizowane zostały areszty policyjne, ani sporządzenie szczegółowych statystyk dotyczących osób przetrzymywanych w tych ośrodkach. Z pewnością jednak możemy stwierdzić, iż areszty policyjne w całym badanym okresie pozostawały głównie miejscami przetrzymywania osób aresztowanych policyjnie oraz że nagminnie łamano przepisy o czasie zatrzymania w areszcie.
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