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Wpływ osobowości sprawcy na ocenę podstaw i zakresu odpowiedzialności karnej

100%
Budyn-Kulik M.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2017
|
vol. 43
45-61
EN
A criminal act is done in certain circumstances, but it refl ects also the wrong-doer’s personality and his/her social dangerousness. The Criminal Code of 1997 replaced the term “social dangerousness” with “social harmfulness”. Art. 115 § 2 CC points out the circumstances that should be considered while assessing the level of social harmfulness; with no personality-like circumstance mentioned there. Such factor is indirectly hidden in the phenomena of motivation. While one considers acts that are done mostly because of some external (situation-related) factors, the wrong-doer’s personality does not matter. One’s personality should be considered as far as involuntary acts are concerned. The wrong-doer’s personality is interesting for criminal law purposes, because of some terms the Polish CC uses, like personal characteristics (Art. 10 § 2, 10 § 4, Art. 21 § 1 i § 2, Art. 58 § 2a, Art. 66 § 1, Art. 69 § 2, Art. 77 § 1, Art. 53 § 2) and motivation (Art. 40 § 2, Art. 53 § 2, Art. 115 § 2, Art. 148 § 2 point 3). The term “personal characteristics” is wider than “personality”. There are many psychological theories that try to explain what personality is (Freud’s, factors, cognitive, social learning, humanistic and systematic theory). Personality is a fairly well-fixed regulation system that starts to function about the age of 21. It consists of many elements. Personality can change drastically during lifetime under certain traumatic circumstances, organic brain changes or addictions to psychoactive substances. The act of a wrongdoer may express his/her typical characteristics (personality) but it may not be so typical for him/ her, either. Usually, when it is typical the court treats it as an aggravating circumstance and when untypical — as a mitigating one. Personality issues need some specialist knowledge. Personal characteristics are important as far as criminal liability is concerned. Otherwise, their presence should be limited in the Criminal Code and used only in Art. 10 § 2 and Art. 53. They should be considered as far as the period of punishment execution and probation measures are concerned.
2
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Attitudes toward Young and Old People and Their Place in Poland’s Changing Society

86%
Siemieńska R.
Polish Sociological Review
|
2021
|
vol. 214
|
issue 2
261-276
EN
The goal of the paper is to analyze how members of Polish society perceive young people (around 30 years of age) and old people (over 65), their social and cultural capital, their position in society, and the roles they should play in private and public life before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Polish society is aging and the birth rate is low. Analysis demonstrates that certain opinions about the old and young are common among Polish citizens and the factors that in other countries differentiate opinions in this regard do not do so in Poland. The image of older people is based on stereotypes. Young people in particular believe that seniors should not be active on the labor market or in politics but should provide informal help to the young generation in the private sphere. The young generation is more individualistically oriented, while older people are more concerned with the collective.
3
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Individuální charakteristiky kandidátů ve volbách do zastupitelstev obcí a jejich vliv na volební výsledky

86%
Bernard J.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
|
2012
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vol. 48
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issue 4
613–640
EN
The article discusses the role of the personal characteristics of candidates in municipal elections as important factors infl uencing the candidates’ election success. Voters lacking suffi cient or relevant information about the candidates and their political preferences can use knowledge of the candidates’ personal characteristics as specifi c cues or shortcuts in their choice. On the other hand, the candidates’ personal characteristics are the private resources they can use to infl uence the chance to getting elected. The article uses a logistic regression to analyse the impact of candidates’ personal characteristics on their electoral success in Czech municipal elections. A list of all candidates in the elections was used, including information about their sociodemographic and political characteristics and their election results. First examined is how a candidate’s ranking on the list of candidates can depend on his or her personal characteristics. Second, how a candidate’s election success can depend on his or her position on the list of candidates and on his or her personal characteristics is analysed. The list of candidates for the 2010 elections was combined with lists of candidates for several previous elections in order to investigate the infl uence of incumbency. The results suggest that incumbency is the dominant independent factor explaining the election success of individual candidates, yet other characteristics, such as sex, education, age or membership in political parties are important as well. In small municipalities, the situation differs in some aspects from that in cities.
4
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The interconnection of parent-child relationships with the propensity to manipulating at senior schoolboys

72%
VIKHREVA L.
Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka
|
2013
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vol. 4
|
issue 1
461-465
EN
This article considers the problem of the relationship between the characteristics of parent-child relationships and manipulative installations that manifest in the behavior of adolescents, also described the practical results obtained in the research.
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