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EN
The paper presents an examination of the Xiaopinwen and manhua, a collection of critical views on personal essay, or xiaopinwen. The collection was orchestrated and published in 1935 by the editors of the leftist journal Taibai with an aim to limit the influence of personal, politically uncommitted essay. The present analysis shows that the collection as a whole — despite a highly critical tenor of a number of individual contributions — cannot be seen as an outright denunciation of xiaopinwen. On the contrary, the nature of the critical debate indicates that in the mid-1930s, in the politically and ideologically tense times, the personal essay still retained a privileged position in the world of Chinese literature.
EN
What is surprising in Virginia Woolf’s essays is the scale and the audacity of her intellectual searches – in the time of increased repressive censorship and growing totalitarianisms, she approached the themes of freedom which have remained controversial ever since. The article presents the essayistic nature as a strategy applied by Woolf in her personal essays to avoid censorship, and intentionally expand the limits of freedoms important to her. The author offers an outline of the mechanism of repressive censorship and the chilling effect it worked in the interwar United Kingdom based on the examples of suspensions of outstanding modernist works and show-trials of writers. She presents three areas of study of freedom in Woolf’s essays: women’s emancipation, tolerance towards non-heteronormative persons, and pacifism, as well as the areas of private and public (self-)censorship which existed therein.
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