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PL
Work of a catholic religious instruction teacher in public schools is regulated by Polish law and canon law. The paper presents a discussion about the legal and canonical liability of personal interests and presents an application of the norms in practice by discussing and analysing two cases regarding personal interests. The main conclusion of the paper is that the matter of personal interests in the religious instruction context is a complicated problem. The knowledge of the regulations is of essence not only not only for the reason that the teacher in question could properly fulfil his/her professional duty, but also to avoid situations that can be connected with civil and canonical liability.
EN
The authors analyse the 2021 ruling by the Polish Supreme Court, which refused to acknowledge the right to live in a clean environment as a personal interest. The purpose of the paper is not only to evaluate the quality of the Supreme Court’s argumentation, but also to highlight the implicit premises that were missing from the grounds of the decision. Based on these findings, the authors draw broader conclusions about the circumstances that increase the likelihood of pro-environmental (including pro-climate) court decisions and breakthroughs in interpretation. The authors use the latter term to describe the situation of challenging the previous, widely accepted interpretation of certain legal provisions, favouring a different interpretation that considers societal changes in values and beliefs. The authors evaluate the Supreme Court’s arguments and put forward the thesis that the construction of personal interests was not the primary reason for rejecting the recognition of the right to live in a clean environment as a new personal interest. The authors used two methods to search for the hidden premises of the Supreme Court’s resolution: (i) they examined the discourse supporting the rejection of the right to live in a clean environment as a personal interest, and (ii) they placed the resolution in its socio-political context. The authors identify four conditions that increase the likelihood of pro-environmental (and pro-climate) court judgments: (i) the condition of costs’ expediency, (ii) the condition of individualization of responsibility, (iii) the condition of respect for the judiciary and (iv) the condition of public support. The last two conditions apply to interpretative breakthroughs in general, regardless of the subject matter.
EN
The question of determining the legal situation of the individual in environmental protection law, especially with regard to the formulation of his or her asserted rights and freedoms, has been gaining an increasing legal recognition in recent years. The dynamics of climate change and the successive degradation of the environment, combined with the growing social awareness, have now clearly revealed the need to create a legal system of environmental protection that would enable effective protection of appropriate living conditions for humans not only in the area of public law, but also private law. The practical importance of this problem reflects in the legal issue posed by the District Court in Gliwice and referred to be resolved by the Supreme Court. The aim of the gloss is to present arguments in favor of the admissibility of formulating a personal right in the form of the right to the environment as a subjective right protecting personal rights related to the environment.
PL
W ostatnich latach jako szczególnie istotna jawi się potrzeba jednoznacznej konceptualizacji pozycji prawnej jednostki wobec środowiska jej życia w ramach prawa do środowiska. Dynamika zmian klimatu i postępująca degradacja środowiska, połączone z rosnącą świadomością społeczną, jednoznacznie ujawniły obecnie konieczność stworzenia takiego systemu prawnej ochrony środowiska, który umożliwiałby zapewnienie efektywnej ochrony odpowiednich warunków życia człowieka nie tylko na obszarze regulacji prawa publicznego, ale i prywatnego. Praktyczna doniosłość tego problemu znajduje odzwierciedlenie w sformułowanym przez Sąd Okręgowy w Gliwicach, a poddanym pod rozstrzygnięcie Sądu Najwyższego, zagadnieniu prawnym. Celem glosy jest prezentacja argumentów przemawiających za dopuszczalnością formułowania prawa osobistego w postaci prawa do środowiska jako prawa podmiotowego chroniącego dobra osobiste związane ze środowiskiem.
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EN
The issues concerned with personal interests of a public university involve two aspects, which are currently subjected to significant transformation. The first one is the issue of personal interests granted to legal persons – the institiutions of civil law, regulated in the Civil Code. The second element refers to the public law, in terms of the public university regulated in the so-called Constitution for Science, i.e. the Law on Higher Education and Science. With reference to a fact that the public university has a legal presonality, it is entitled to personal rights as the subject of civil law. It means that these interests are subjected to protection provided for in the Civil Code. In consequence, in case of illegal threat or infringement of personal interests, the public university can effectively come up with claims provided for in Articles 24 and 448 of the Civil Code.
PL
Zagadnienie dotyczące dóbr osobistych uczelni publicznej łączy w sobie dwa aspekty podlegające w ostatnim czasie znaczącym przemianom. Pierwszy z nich dotyczy dóbr osobistych przysługujących osobom prawnym, a więc instytucji prawa cywilnego uregulowanej w przepisach Kodeksu cywilnego. Drugi element dotyczy pojęcia z zakresu prawa publicznego – uczelni publicznej, uregulowanego w tzw. Konstytucji dla Nauki, czyli ustawie Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce. W związku z tym, że uczelnia publiczna posiada osobowość prawną, przysługują jej dobra osobiste jako podmiotowi prawa cywilnego. Oznacza to, że dobra te podlegają również ochronie przewidzianej w przepisach Kodeksu cywilnego. W konsekwencji, w razie bezprawnego zagrożenia lub naruszenia dobra osobistego, uczelnia publiczna może skutecznie występować z roszczeniami przewidzianymi w art. 24 i 448 k.c.
PL
Postęp technologiczny, zauważalny także w dziedzinie elektroniki, wpływa na coraz większą dostępność urządzeń służących do monitoringu. W związku z tym pojawia się problem prawnej regulacji dopuszczalności objęcia monitoringiem pracowników przez pracodawcę oraz wynikających z tego konsekwencji natury prawnej, występujących nie tylko na gruncie prawa pracy, lecz także prawa cywilnego, konstytucyjnego i unijnego. Wbrew dosyć powszechnemu przekonaniu monitoring nie obejmuje jedynie obserwacji za pomocą kamer, lecz także kontrolowanie wykazów połączeń telefonicznych, korespondencji mailowej, odwiedzanych witryn internetowych, geolokalizację samochodów służbowych pracowników, a nawet podsłuchiwanie służbowych rozmów telefonicznych. W artykule omówiono kluczowe przepisy prawne dotyczące stosowania monitoringu wobec podwładnych. Analizie poddano stosowne przepisy Konstytucji RP (prawo do poszanowania prywatności i tajemnicy korespondencji), Kodeksu pracy (zwłaszcza w kontekście godności pracownika), Kodeksu cywilnego (ochrona dóbr osobistych), Kodeksu karnego (bezprawne uzyskanie informacji), ustawy o ochronie danych osobowych oraz aktów prawnych zawieranych na poziomie międzynarodowym i w ramach Unii Europejskiej. W odniesieniu do poszczególnych ustaw zaprezentowano także stanowisko doktryny i judykatury. W konkluzji przedstawiono postulat jednoznacznego i pełnego unormowania problematyki monitoringu pracowników w systemie prawa pracy z uwagi na specyfikę samego stosunku pracy oraz w celu uniknięcia nadużyć stosowanych w tej materii zarówno przez pracodawców, jak i pracowników.
EN
Technological progress visible also within the area of electronics is increasingly influencing the availability of monitoring devices. Therefore, there is a significant problem of legal regulations referring to the acceptability of eavesdropping employees by employers. The article also identifies legal consequences of the above-mentioned actions within the context of labour law, civil law, constitutional law and law of the EU. Contrary to the understanding of what monitoring is, it does not only cover the question of closed-circuit television (CCTV), but it also refers to control of billings and e-mails, history of website search engines, geolocation of company cars and even tapping telephone lines. The article presents vital regulations on the use of monitoring against the subordinates. The following applicable provisions were analyzed: the Constitution of the Republic of Poland (right to privacy, confidentiality of correspondence), the Civil Code (protection of personal interests), the Labour Code (worker’s dignity), the Criminal Code (unlawful access to information) and the Personal Data Protection Act, as well as the acts of international and EU law. With reference to the above-mentioned acts, the standpoint of jurisprudence and judicature was depicted as well. In the conclusion, the author proposed de lege ferenda postulates of a comprehensive and standardised settlement of the issue in question regarding the labour law system because of a specificity of the employment relationship and in order to prevent from the abuses both on the side of the employees and employers.
EN
The article is devoted to the issue of attorney’s accountability for revealing, by breaching the attorney-client privilege, information concerning the client’s private life, which is perceived as a personal right according to the civil law. The author makes an attempt to answer the question which legal articles will be breached by the attorney in this case, and how the client can pursue their rights. She weighs the attorney’s accountability both when the attorney reveals some information of their own volition, and when they are forced by the existing legal articles. The author’s findings lead to an unequivocal conclusion that the client from the above-mentioned situation can pursue their rights, which the attorney had violated by breaching the attorneyclient privilege, not only by instituting disciplinary proceedings against the attorney, but also based on the civil law articles. However, a positive result of both proceedings will always be dependent on deciding whether the attorney is unlawful.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie znaczenia instytucji merchandisingu oraz jej zastosowania w praktyce w polskim obrocie gospodarczym. Wymaga to w pierwszej kolejności przeanalizowania samej instytucji merchandisingu oraz aktów normatywnych, na podstawie których zawierane są umowy o świadczenie działalności merchandisingowej. Szczególną uwagę należy zwrócić na komercyjne wykorzystanie wizerunku w aspektach prawno-ekonomicznych oraz problemów z tym związanych.
EN
The present article is an approximation of institutions merchandising and its application in practice in Polish trade. This requires in the first place to analyze the same institution merchandising and normative acts on the basis of which the agreements are concluded for the provision of business merchandising. Particular attention should be paid to the commercial use of the image of the legal and economic aspects and problems related to this.
PL
Glosowana uchwała istotnie oddziałuje na katalog prawnych środków ochrony środowiska. Jako, że osobisty i zbiorowy wymiar ochrony środowiska nie pozostają w sprzeczności, a związane z nimi interesy prywatne i interes publiczny opierają się na wspólnej wartości jaką jest środowisko, dochodzenie ochrony praw jednostki zagrożonych lub naruszonych w wyniku oddziaływania na środowisko mogą stanowić istotny środek pośredniej ochrony prawnej środowiska i jego zasobów, konkurencyjnej względem środków o charakterze bezpośrednim, podejmowanych w interesie publicznym. Wskazana w uzasadnieniu uchwały argumentacja Sądu Najwyższego rodzi jednak pewne wątpliwości i może mieć istotne konsekwencje dla sposobu wykładni przepisów systemu prawa ochrony środowiska.
EN
The glossed resolution has a significant impact on the catalogue of legal measures for environmental protection. Since the personal and collective dimensions of environmental protection are not in conflict, and the related private and public interests are based on a common value as the environment, seeking protection of individual rights threatened or violated as a result of environmental impact may constitute an important means of indirect legal protection of the environment and its resources, competitive to direct measures taken in the public interest. However, the reasoning of the Supreme Court indicated in the justification of the resolution raises certain doubts and may have significant consequences for the manner of interpretation of the provisions of the environmental protection law system.
EN
One of the greatest and most important challenges of private law in the 21st century is the adaptation and evolution of key institutions to the consequences of social or economic development. An extremely interesting process in this context is the development of the scope of the subject protection of personal rights. The aim of the article is to discuss this phenomenon, with particular emphasis on the influence of the literature and jurisprudence on extending the scope of the subject of personal rights. The author also draws attention to the way in which the concept and scope of personal rights were developed and modified, citing and discussing the most important positions and doctrinal disputes. In addition, an example was presented, which serves to illustrate the analyzed trend. It is the potential recognition of violations related to the low level of air quality in Poland covered by protection under the provisions on personal property. The author describes this issue, taking into account the provisions of European law, through Polish regulations and positions of the literature, formulating his own predictions about the future of this particular problem, emphasizing its importance. This reflection illustrates how the discussed civil law institution undergoes modification as a result of the social challenges of the 21st century. In the elaboration of the above issue, scientific methods were used, such as: analysis of judicial decisions, normative acts — both domestic and European ones, in addition the dogmatic method was used. Numerous conclusions have been derived as a result of the analysis, among other things — an indication of universality as one of the greatest achievements of doctrine. This dependence results from the fact that new private law challenges can be assessed through the prism of universal institutions that have already been created, only by modifying them, developing or deliberating on how to use them. The tendency described in the work can be extended to a range of other contemporary challenges before courts, but above all to the legislator.
EN
The article presents an analysis of hatred as a phenomenon breaching the sense of security and other legal rights protected by civil law. Within it I analyze the scope of entities that may submit claims, as well as entities that are obliged to satisfy claims of persons affected by the effects of hatred. I also present a catalogue of claims which can by submitted by hate victims and other persons (in particular the closest family members). All this is aimed at finding the answer to the question whether civil law is (or rather may be) the right tool in the fight against hatred and what are its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with criminal and administrative law regulations dealing with hatred.
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