Search results

1

The importance of “disclosure” in relationships between physicians and pharmaceutical companies

100%

Makowska M., Jasiński Ł.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2018

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vol. 21

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issue 5

81-94

EN

The article raises issues of transparency in relationships between doctors and drug manufacturers. It indicates how important it is as a way for physicians and the pharmaceutical industry to regain public trust. The manuscript will define the concept of disclosure. It will discuss in detail The Physician Payment Sunshine Act from the U.S., which imposes a legal obligation on pharmaceutical companies to disclose their relationships with doctors and university hospitals. The article will also show the diverse regulation of disclosure in different countries of the European Union. The situation in Poland will be also described. In the summary, there will be a discussion about the importance of disclosure for patients and the advantages and disadvantages of such regulations for physicians and drug manufacturers.

2

Etyczne wyzwania w przemyśle farmaceutycznym. Zarys problematyki

100%

Kaczmarek E., University of Warsaw, emilka.kaczmarek@gmail.com

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2015

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vol. 18

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issue 3

EN

The goal of the text is to show which actions of the modern pharmaceutical industry are morally controversial. There are several burning issues that we need to face on this field, such as: How to deal with the conflict of interests within the medicine? How to mark the vanishing boundaries between information and advertisement concerning the pharmaceutical education? How does the drug advertisement lead to the pharmaceuticalization of society? In the text all of these problems will be briefly analysed. The article has an introductory character, it may serve as an overview of the burning issues in the pharmaceutical industry ethics – all questions that are posed in the text need further examination.

3

Etyczne wyzwania współpracy pomiędzy lekarzami a przemysłem farmaceutycznym

100%

Makowska M.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2011

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vol. 14

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issue 2

4

Etyczne uregulowania kontaktów studentów medycyny z firmami farmaceutycznymi w Stanach Zjednoczonych

100%

Makowska M.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2014

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vol. 17

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issue 3

125-137

EN

The involvement of the pharmaceutical industry in medical education can be seen as something completely natural. Who better than the producer of the med-icine would know how the drug was developed, how the process of it being au-thorized for sale proceeded, and what the side effects of it are? Today in the United States, more and more colleges are implementing strong pharmaceutical conflict-of-interest policies. Interaction between students and medical school staff with these companies is undesirable, because they share marketing materi-als more often than honest data, and their representatives use various ways to influence these current and future physicians during their meetings. This article will describe research which shows what pharmaceutical mar-keting directed at students looks like in the USA – its character, frequency, and potential impact on future medical decisions. Also, ways of regulating interac-tion between medical schools, their staff and students and the pharmaceutical industry will be expressed. Guidelines of the Association of American Medical Colleges, the Institute of Medicine and the American Medical Student Associa-tion will be described. At the end, questions about their influence on reality and whether medical schools’ policies can be an effective barrier for pharmaceutical marketing on medical schools will be asked.

5

Controversial advertising of medicines. A comparison between Poland and the United States

88%

Makowska M.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2018

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vol. 21

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issue 5

67-79

EN

For many years, the subject of aggressive marketing campaigns conducted by pharmaceutical companies has been raised in Poland. Drug ads are everywhere, on television, the radio, magazines and on the Internet. Therefore, it is extremely important is to ensure both their legal and ethical dimension. This article will present the differences between direct-to-consumer advertising of medicines in Poland and in the US. The dissimilarities result mainly from differences in legislation. In Poland, the law is much stricter than in the US. For example, in the United States companies are allowed to advertise prescription drugs directly to patients. In the whole of the European Union, and thus in Poland, it is strictly prohibited. The article will also present other regulations existing in Poland and in the United States and it will compare them. It will offer examples of violations of the law and ethics in the advertising of medicine in both countries. Lastly, it will briefly outline the negative consequences of unacceptable pharmaceutical marketing.

6

A novel application of grey principal component analysis to determine stockholder’s approach towards financial ratios

88%

Babaei Falah A., Falah B.

Business and Economic Horizons

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2015

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vol. 11

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issue 1

41-50

EN

In this paper, we try to determine the stockholder’s desire approach to financial ratios using a combination of principal component analysis and grey theory.Grey Principal Component Analysis (GPCA)handles poor information reduces dimensions of variables and gives an appropriate score to each company. Here we employ GPCA to identify more appropriate strategies of normalizing data curves to reduce the discrepancy between the GPCA-ranking and return-ranking, hence determining the approaches of stockholders of listed pharmaceutical firms of Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) regarding financial ratios.

7

Rola śledztw dziennikarskich w kreowaniu etycznych standardów marketingu farmaceutycznego

88%

Makowska M.

Prakseologia

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2012

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issue 152

125-144

EN

This article demonstrates that journalists and their publications inﬂuenced the rise of ethical standards of pharmaceutical marketing in Poland. Nowadays media perform a substantial role in creating and changing reality. In this article, investigations of Polish journalists concerning the relation of doctors with medical sales representatives are described. The author analyses Polish pharmaceutical law and existence of the self-regulation of ethical organizations of pharmaceutical companies and of doctors in Poland. It also presents the results of in-depth interviews with medical sales representatives and shows their opinion whether journalistic investigations and other disapproving publications in the media inﬂuenced their work and the functioning of their company. Before reporters started revealing possible reservations about the cooperation of physicians with industry representatives, this subject was largely neglected. Published press reports caused further examinations, and often led to the arrest of persons associated with corruption. It is possible that ﬁrst journalistic, and then prosecutor’s investigations sharpened the the Polish pharmaceutical law of 2007.

8

Jan Witold Gessner (1886–1953), dorpatczyk, kontynuator aptekarskich i przemysłowych tradycji „pharmacia elegans” ojca Edwarda Gessnera (1853–1907)

75%

Brzezińska J.

Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny

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2012

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vol. 75/2

35-47

PL

Edward Gessner był pionierem polskiego przemysłu farmaceutycznego. Zapoczątkował wyrób specyfi ków w pięknych opakowaniach. Jego syn Jan Witold Gessner ukończył studia farmacji na Uniwersytecie w Dorpacie/ Jurewie. Kontynuował produkcję przemysłową specyfi ków w laboratorium przy aptece, a potem w fabryce, którą założył. Jego fi rma wytwarzała w 1939 r. 151 specyfi ków, szczepionki i preparaty ziołowe.

EN

Edward Gessner was a pioneer of Polish pharmaceutical industry. It was him who started the production of medicines in beautiful containers. His son Jan Witold graduated from University of Dorpat (Jurew). He continued the industrial production of medicines in a laboratory next to the pharmacy, and later in the factory, which he founded. He was active in community life. In March 1950 year his laboratory, which he rebuilt from the ruins in Warsaw, and on 8th January 1951 year also the pharmacy were nationalized.

9

R&D Offshoring to Emerging Economies: Can Poland compete?

75%

Mroczkowski T.

Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo

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2013

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issue 33

9-30

EN

"Economists have analyzed offshore outsourcing mainly from the perspective of transaction costs and procurement decisions. In the current phase of globalization offshoring practice increasingly involves high value added activities such as design and R&D. Today’s globalized R&D system embraces increasingly capable emerging economies that offer firms new options in terms the offshoring not just development but also research functions. However the offshoring of R&D to emerging economies entails higher levels of risk and uncertainty. The literature review shows that problems associated with this kind of R&D offshoring have seen few studies and are not well understood – especially in a comparative perspective of the practices of companies based in different countries with distinctive business philosophies. Some evidence points to differences in the offshoring practices of US companies – as “globalization leaders”– with those of German companies as “reluctant globalizers”. The paper reports the preliminary results of an ongoing study of offshoring of pharmaceutical and biotechnology R&D to emerging economies. In this study we compare clinical trials destinations chosen by US and German companies – using the American government clinical trials database. We find interesting differences which however do not support the hypothesis that German companies are less aggressive about offshoring clinical trials than US based ones. We also look at the position of Poland as a site for offshored R&D and make recommendations about how the country could improve its competitiveness in this domain in the future.

10

ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИЙ КОНЦЕПТ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ НАВЧАННЯ ФАРМАКОЕКОНОМІКИ МАЙБУТНІХ ПРОВІЗОРІВ У ВИЩИХ МЕДИЧНИХ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ЗАКЛАДАХ

75%

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2017

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issue 9(73)

79-88

EN

In the article the technological concept of modernization of the pharmacoeconomics training of the future pharmacists at medical school is substantiated. The possibility of introduction of innovations of the pharmaceutical industry in teaching pharmacoeconomics in training of the future pharmacists in the higher education institutions is analyzed. The technological concept defines comprehensive, integrated combination of the use of innovative educational technologies and innovations of the pharmaceutical industry in organization of training of the future pharmacists at medical schools. The justified concept of technological modernization of teaching economic subjects in training ofthe future specialists in the pharmaceutical industry envisages phased and systematic improvement of the process of training in pharmacoeconomics in higher medical education using innovative technologies. The complex includes innovative educational technologies, technology workshops and distance learning. Innovative training courses in the sphere of educational technologies, online training (interactive forms of lectures, practical and seminar classes in pharmacoeconomics), innovative educational technology of distance learning, interactive online lectures, problem webinars on pharmacoeconomics; online conferences for post-graduate students. The substantiation of the technological concept of modernization of the teaching of economic disciplines in the process of training future pharmacists determines the gradual and systematic improvement of the process of teaching future pharmacists pharmacoeconomics in higher medical education institutions using innovative educational technologies. The technological concept also defines a comprehensive, integrated combination of innovative pedagogical technologies and innovations in the pharmaceutical industry. Integrated use of technologies in order to improve the concept of organizing teaching pharmacoeconomics the future specialists in the pharmaceutical industry in the system of higher medical and pharmaceutical education is a prerequisite for the modernization of the content and structure of learning as a holistic, systemic process. The concept of technology combines the systematic, complex, integrated application of innovative technologies in the pharmaceutical industry.

11

The impact of firm-based organizational citizenship behavior on continuance and normative commitment among pharmaceutical executives: An SEM approach

75%

Oamen T. E.

Journal of Economics and Management

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2023

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vol. 45

47-67

EN

Aim/purpose – The study was based on social exchange theory and addressed the effects of firm-based organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) on normative and continuance organizational commitment (OC). Multigroup behavioral differences among pharmaceutical executives were also evaluated. Design/methodology/approach – This study employed an empirical, explanatory cross-sectional study with online questionnaires administered to four hundred and one randomly selected pharmaceutical executives in Nigeria. The covariance-based structural equation modeling technique was used for testing hypotheses. Firm-based OCB domains –conscientiousness, sportsmanship, and civic virtue were regressed on OC domains of continuance, and normative. The hypothesized effects of firm-based OCB on the domains of OC were examined using Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS). Findings – The structural model had acceptable fit measures. Conscientiousness and sportsmanship behaviors were negatively related to normative OC while civic virtue had a positive significant relationship with normative OC. Multigroup comparisons based on gender, profession, and type of organization revealed significant effects on the relations between civic virtue and normative OC. Employees highly vested with enhancing and representing their company’s image, tend to be more obligated to continue and remain with the organization. The more self-directed, and less-complaining employees are, the lower the tendency to remain with the organization. The nuances of group differences among employees had an impact on examined relationships. Research implications/limitations – Human resource managers should adequately stimulate and motivate employees to be ambassadors of the organization. This is achievable by instilling a sense of ownership and loyalty in employees. Further implications are discussed. Originality/value/contribution – The study disentangled the relations between OCB and OC in the context of pharmaceutical executives in a developing country. The study highlighted the essence of group-specific differences in behavioral evaluation among pharmaceutical executives.

12

Telegraph communication networks used by the Japanese pharmaceutical industry in 1901

75%

Amijima T.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

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2019

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vol. 23

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issue 3

EN

This article examines how the communication network of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry operated around the turn of the century to create spatial interactions across the national medicine market during a period of intense industrialization. In 1901, pharmaceutical wholesalers in Osaka compiled The Telegraph Codebook of Pharmacies in Japan to facilitate national trade in medicine, although its use was restricted to only the 177 pharmacies that joined the Pharmaceutical Telegraph Communication Alliance. This alliance had close ties with wholesalers in Osaka and comprised national-level qualified chemists. The use of this communication network by telegraph enabled the integration and progression of the Japanese pharmaceutical market in the early 20th century; however, pharmacies also began to build diferent and layered communication networks that corresponded to their respective business styles. Findings indicate that pharmacies used diferent communication networks of diferent spatial scales, thereby operating regional specialization and national integration networks simultaneously.

13

Concentration of entrepreneurs on the pharmaceutical market: selected issues

75%

CZESAK-STARŻYK J. M.

Central and Eastern European Journal of Management and Economics (CEEJME)

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2017

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issue No. 2

257-270

EN

The article has been selected due to the need to determine the legal basis for the consolidation of entrepreneurs on the pharmaceutical market and to identify the difference from the common pattern established by the regulations set forth in the Competition and Consumer Protection Act dated 16 February 2007. The selection of an enactment (the Competition and Consumer Protection Act or the Pharmaceutical Law Act) as the appropriate basis for ruling shapes the legal status of an entrepreneur on the pharmaceutical market, in particular with respect to selecting specific remedies.

14

Znaczenie „przejrzystości” w relacjach lekarzy z firmami farmaceutycznymi

75%

Makowska M., Jasiński Ł.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2017

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vol. 20

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issue 1

95-109

EN

The article raises issues of transparency in relationships between doctors and drug manufacturers. It indicates how important it is as a way for physicians and the pharmaceutical industry to regain public trust. The manuscript will define the concept of disclosure. It will discuss in detail The Physician Payment Sunshine Act from the U.S., which imposes a legal obligation on pharmaceutical companies to disclose their relationships with doctors and university hospitals. The article will also show the diverse regulation of disclosure in different countries of the European Union. The situation in Poland will be also described. In the summary, there will be a discussion about the importance of disclosure for patients and the advantages and disadvantages of such regulations for physicians and drug manufacturers.

PL

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15

Informacja o kapitale intelektualnym w sprawozdaniach z działalności i sprawozdaniach finansowych spółek branży lekowej

63%

Mataczyna K., Wielgórska-Leszczyńska J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

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2020

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issue 3(987)

107-125

PL

Cel: Celem artykułu jest zbadanie szczegółowości ujawniania informacji o kapitale intelektualnym w sprawozdawczości finansowej i niefinansowej za lata 2017 i 2018 spółek produkujących leki zarejestrowanych w Polsce, notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie. Metodyka badań: Przygotowanie artykułu poprzedzone zostało przeglądem literatury przedmiotu dotyczącej badanego zagadnienia – artykułów naukowych, rozdziałów w monografiach, raportów branżowych oraz aktów prawnych. W badaniu wykorzystano metodę badania dokumentów – sprawozdań finansowych i niefinansowych analizowanych przedsiębiorstw. Wyniki badań: Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wskazują, że analizowane przedsiębiorstwa nie sporządzają osobnych sprawozdań dotyczących kapitału intelektualnego, ale informacje o tym kapitale zawierają w sprawozdaniach z działalności i sprawozdaniach finansowych, a szczegółowość tych informacji jest zróżnicowana. Wnioski: Zróżnicowanie szczegółowości ujawnianych informacji o kapitale intelektualnym potwierdza konieczność działań zmierzających do standaryzacji informacji o kapitale intelektualnym ujawnianych w sprawozdaniach z działalności i sprawozdaniach finansowych. Wkład w rozwój dyscypliny: Przeprowadzone badania mogą stanowić wstęp do szerszych badań nad ujawnianiem informacji o kapitale intelektualnym w przedsiębiorstwach branży lekowej, a także nad znaczeniem kapitału intelektualnego dla kondycji finansowej przedsiębiorstw.

EN

Objective: The aim of the article is to examine the detailed disclosure of information on intellectual capital in the financial statements and annual activity reports in 2017 and 2018 of pharmaceutical companies registered in Poland and listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Research Design & Methods: The study was preceded by a review of the literature on the subject, including scientific articles, monographs, industry reports and legal acts. The study is based on the examination of financial statements and annual activity reports of the analysed companies. Findings: The companies examined do not prepare separate reports on intellectual capital, but include the information in their activity reports and financial statements. There is no standardised way for that information to be included. Implications / Recommendations: The differentiation characterising the information disclosed on intellectual capital confirms the need to standardise information on intellectual capital disclosed in activity reports and financial statements. Contribution: This study can be treated as an introduction to the wider research on the disclosure of information about intellectual capital in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as on the importance of intellectual capital for the companies’ financial condition.

16

Klastering jako determinanta rozwoju konkurencyjnej branży farmaceutycznej – na przykładzie klastra Nutribiomed

63%

Skowrońska A.

Progress in Economic Sciences

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2015

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vol. 2

87-100

PL

Ciągłe doskonalenie i podążanie za technologią wydaje się być szczególnie istotne w sektorze ochrony zdrowia. Biorąc pod uwagę trendy epidemiologiczne niezbędny jest rozwój zaawansowanych technologii w branży medycznej i farmaceutycznej. Jedynie innowacyjne rozwiązania stwarzają szansę na przełom w leczeniu, np. nowotworów będących jedną z głównych przyczyn zgonów w Europie. Podejście to doskonale ilustruje strategia określana jako open innovation, według której przedsiębiorstwa powinny czerpać z zewnętrznych źródeł, poprzez łączenie pomysłów komplementarnych do prowadzonych przez siebie działalności. Branża farmaceutyczna wywiera istotny wpływ na funkcjonowanie nie tylko gospodarki, ale jest również ściśle powiązana z sektorem ochrony zdrowia, a co za tym idzie wpływa na poziom i jakość życia społeczeństw. W związku z tym szczególnie ważne staje się poszukiwanie takich rozwiązań, które zapewnią swobodny przepływ wiedzy oraz dostęp do wysokospecjalistycznych technik, które z kolei pozytywnie wpłyną na stan zdrowia obywateli. W artykule przedstawiono analizę funkcjonowania skupiska farmaceutycznego powstałą w oparciu o badanie benchmarkingowe klastra Nutribiomed. Osiągnięte wyniki w wielu obszarach działalności potwierdzają zasadne wykorzystanie struktury grona w wysokospecjalistycznej branży, jaką jest rynek leków i wskazują na wiele korzyści związanych z funkcjonowanie w ramach jego struktury.

EN

Continuous improvement and follow the technology seems to be particularly important in terms of health. Given the epidemiological trends is necessary to develop advanced technologies in the medical and pharmaceutical industries. Only innovative solutions offer a chance for a battle with disease, for example, with tumors which are one of the leading causes of death in Europe. This approach perfectly illustrates the strategy known as open innovation, according to which companies should learn from external sources by combining complementary ideas for its ongoing operations. The pharmaceutical industry has a significant impact on the functioning of not only the economy, but it is also closely linked to the health sector, and thus affects the level and quality of life of societies. In this context it becomes particularly important to seek solutions that will ensure the free flow of knowledge and access to highly specialized techniques, which in turn have a positive impact on the health of citizens. Analysis of the functioning of the pharmaceutical clusters is based on case study cluster Nutribiomed. The results achieved in many areas of activity confirm the legitimate use of the structure of the group of highly specialized industry, which is the drug market and indicates a number of benefits associated with the operation as part of its structure.

RU

Непрерывное совершенствование и стремление к использованию современной технологией кажется особенно существенным в области здравоохранения. Учитывая эпидемиологические тренды, необходимым является развитие продвинутых технологий в медицинской и фармацевтической области. Только инновационные решения дают нам возможность совершить перелом в методах лечения, напр. новообразований, являющихся одной из главных причин смертности в Европе. Это подход в совершенстве иллюстрирует стратегия, определяемая как „open innovation”, согласно которой предприятия должны черпать информацию из внешних источников, сочетая комплементарные идеи с проводимой собственной деятельностью. Фармацевтическая отрасль оказывает существенное влияние на функционирование не только экономики, но также тесно связана с областью здравоохранения, что влияет на уровень и качество жизни общества. В связи с этим сугубо важным является поиск таких решений, которые обеспечат свободное протекание знания, а также доступ к высоко - специализированным технологиям, которые в свою очередь положительно повлияют на состояние здоровья граждан. В статье представлен анализ функционирования фармацевтического скопления, на основании исследований кластера - benchmarking «Нутрибиомед». Достигнутые результаты во многих областях деятельности подтверждают обоснованное использование структуры общества в высоко - специализированной отрасли, какой является рынок лекарств, и указывают на значительные выгоды, связанные с функционированием в рамах его структуры.

17

Ujawnienia informacji o kapitale relacyjnym na przykładzie spółek branży lekowej notowanych na GPW w Warszawie

63%

Mataczyna K.

Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarządzania i Finansów

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2023

|

issue 190

75-95

EN

The article is a summary of the audit of financial statements and activity reports prepared by pharmaceutical companies for the years 2017–2021 listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in terms of disclosure of information on relational capital. The aim of the article is to present the diversity of information disclosures in this area and to indicate the need for further standardization of non-financial reporting. The article was prepared on the basis of literature analysis – legal acts, scientific articles, and studies of state institutions and industry associations. The findings of the research indicate that in the examined sample, disclosure in almost all information scopes concerning the attributes of relational capital is characterized by high diversity – both in terms of the fact of disclosing information and the quality of the disclosed information. Therefore, the direction of the EU legislation, aiming at standardizing this area, seems justified.

PL

Artykuł stanowi podsumowanie badania sprawozdań finansowych i sprawozdań z działalności, sporządzanych za lata 2017–2021 przez przedsiębiorstwa branży lekowej notowane na GPW w Warszawie w odniesieniu do ujawniania informacji o kapitale relacyjnym. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie zróżnicowania ujawnień informacji w tym obszarze oraz potrzeby dalszej standaryzacji sprawozdawczości niefinansowej. Artykuł został przygotowany na podstawie analizy literatury przedmiotu – aktów prawnych, artykułów naukowych oraz opracowań instytucji państwowych i stowarzyszeń branżowych. Wyniki badań wskazują, że w badanej próbie ujawnienia w prawie wszystkich zakresach informacyjnych dotyczących atrybutów kapitału relacyjnego charakteryzowały się wysokim zróżnicowaniem – tak w zakresie samego faktu ujawniania informacji, jak i jakości ujawnianej informacji, w związku z czym zasadny wydaje się kierunek ustawodawstwa unijnego, zmierzającego do standaryzacji tego obszaru.

18

“It Works by Activating Very Basic Instincts […]”: Medical Students’ Opinions about the Benefits and Risks of the Pharmaceutical Industry’s Marketing Efforts Aimed at Medical Doctors

63%

Makowska M.

Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej

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2023

|

vol. 19

|

issue 3

220-241

PL

Współpraca przemysłu farmaceutycznego z lekarzami jest konieczna i nieunikniona. Studenci medycyny, jako część społeczności medycznej, prawdopodobnie rozwinęli specyficzne poglądy na temat korzyści i zagrożeń z nią związanych. Artykuł jest częścią cyklu przedstawiającego wybrane wyniki dziewięciu zogniskowanych wywiadów grupowych z trzech miast – Warszawy, Krakowa i Gdańska. W badaniu wykorzystano konstruktywizm społeczny jako ramę teoretyczną i przeprowadzono analizę tematyczną. W dyskusjach grupowych studenci stworzyli powiązania między postrzeganymi korzyściami i zagrożeniami we współpracy lekarzy z przemysłem. Choć przyszli lekarze dostrzegali wiele ryzyk, to jednak korzyści uzyskiwane od przedstawicieli przemysłu wydawały im się bardzo atrakcyjne. Badanie wskazuje, że na uczelniach medycznych potrzebna jest lepsza edukacja w zakresie zagadnień społecznych, psychologicznych (sposobów manipulacji) oraz konfliktu interesów.

EN

Cooperation between the pharmaceutical industry and medical doctors is both necessary and inevitable. As part of the medical community, medical students are likely to have developed specific views as to its benefits and risks. The article is part of a series of articles presenting selected results of nine focus group interviews from three cities (Warsaw, Kraków, and Gdańsk). The study used social constructivism as a theoretical framework, and thematic analysis was performed. In their group discussions, the students drew links between cooperation’s perceived benefits and risks. Despite the associated risks, most medical students perceive benefits obtained from the pharmaceutical industry as attractive. Better education about social, psychological issues (manipulation techniques) and the conflict of interest is needed in medical schools.

19

The Restructuring of the European Pharmaceutical Industry between 2000 and 2018

63%

Nagy B.

Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe

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2021

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vol. 24

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issue 2

103-118

PL

Aby sprostać wymaganiom globalnej konkurencji, Unia Europejska (UE) kładzie szczególny nacisk na rozwój opartych na wiedzy, innowacyjnych branż. Przemysł farmaceutyczny, jako dział produkcji zaawansowanych technologii, ma w Europie długą tradycję. Jednak rozkład zatrudnienia i wartości dodanej w przemyśle farmaceutycznym nie jest równomierny w obrębie Unii, a jego rozwój w czasie jest również zróżnicowany. W niniejszym artykule dokonano analizy zmian struktury przemysłu farmaceutycznego w Unii Europejskiej w oparciu o grupy państw. Porównano rozwój zatrudnienia w branży farmaceutycznej w latach 2000–2018 w trzech grupach państw. Użyto prostej metody dekompozycji, aby oddzielić wpływ wzrostu sektora i zmiany wydajności pracy na zmiany zatrudnienia w przemyśle farmaceutycznym, aby dowiedzieć się, do jakiego stopnia podobnie ewoluowała ta branża w różnych grupach państw. Z analizy wynika, że o ile w 12 państwach będących członkami UE przed 2004 r. (Core EU) zatrudnienie nieznacznie wzrosło jednocześnie ze znacznym wzrostem wartości dodanej, to dziewięć państw postsocjalistycznych (PS9) osiągnęło łącznie nieco większy wzrost wartości dodanej przy znacznym wzroście zatrudnienia. W międzyczasie cztery państwa Grupy Wyszehradzkiej (V4) osiągnęły wzrost wartości dodanej podobny do PS9, ale jeszcze większy wzrost zatrudnienia. Wskazuje to na koncentrację części przemysłu farmaceutycznego o wyższej produktywności pracy w państwach Core UE, podczas gdy w słabiej rozwiniętych państwach postsocjalistycznych rozwija się część przemysłu farmaceutycznego o niższej wydajności pracy.

EN

To meet the requirements of global competition, the European Union (EU) places particular emphasis on the development of knowledge‑intensive, innovative industries. The pharmaceutical industry, as a high‑tech manufacturing subsection, has a long tradition in Europe. However, the distribution of pharmaceutical industry employment and value added is not even within the Union, and its temporal dynamics is also different. In the present paper, I examine the change of the structure of the pharmaceutical industry within the Union using country groups. I compare the development of pharmaceutical industry employment in the period between 2000 and 2018 in three country groups. I use a simple decomposition method to separate the effects of sector growth and labor productivity change on the change of pharmaceutical employment to find out how similarly this industry evolved in the different country groups. The analysis shows that while in the 12 original, i.e., pre–2004, member states (Core EU), employment slightly increased alongside a considerable increase in value added, the nine post‑socialist countries (PS9) achieved slightly greater value added expansion combined with substantial employment growth. Meanwhile, the four Visegrád countries (V4) achieved a value added growth similar to the PS9, but an even greater employment growth. This indicates that the part of the pharmaceutical industry operating with higher labor productivity is concentrating in the Core EU countries, while in the less developed post‑socialist countries, the part of the pharmaceutical industry with lower labor productivity is developing.

20

Kontrowersje związane z reklamowaniem leków Analiza porównawcza Polski i Stanów Zjednoczonych

63%

Makowska M., Warsaw University of Life Sciences, marta_makowska@sggw.pl

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2016

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vol. 19

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issue 3

EN

For many years, the subject of aggressive marketing campaigns conducted by pharmaceutical companies has been raised in Poland. Drug ads are everywhere, on television, the radio, magazines and on the Internet. Therefore, it is extremely important is to ensure both their legal and ethical dimension. In my article I will present the differences between direct-to-consumer advertising of medicines in Poland and in the US. The dissimilarities result mainly from differences in legislation. In Poland the law is much stricter than in the US. For example, in the United States companies are allowed to advertise prescription drugs directly to patients. In the whole of the European Union, and thus in Poland, it is strictly prohibited. The article will present other regulations existing in Poland and in the United States and it will compare them. It will show examples of violations of the law and ethics in the advertising of medicine in both countries. It will briefly outline the negative consequences of unacceptable pharmaceutical marketing.

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Telegraph communication networks used by the Japanese pharmaceutical industry in 1901

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Znaczenie „przejrzystości” w relacjach lekarzy z firmami farmaceutycznymi

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Kontrowersje związane z reklamowaniem leków Analiza porównawcza Polski i Stanów Zjednoczonych