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EN
Pharmaceutical care in apublic pharmacy included by the legislature to the catalog of pharmacy services is aplane of cooperation of three parties: the doctor, the patient and pharmacist. Implementation of pharmaceutical care in the practice of pharmacy faces many obstacles. One of them is the adaptation of the expedition chamber to the needs of disabled people to the process of professional counseling can take place in aquiet and peaceful atmosphere, ensuring privacy and confidentiality of information. This article presents the assumptions of the program pharmaceutical care and conditions to be imposed on the person providing pharmaceutical services to effectively and efficiently fulfill the social mission within the general program of public health protection.
EN
The provision of pharmaceutical services in a public pharmacy is related to the performance of a series of specialized activities aimed at the realization of the basic mission of the pharmacy, which is the protection of public health. Pharmaceutical care, included in the catalog of pharmaceutical services, is part of the pro-social system of achieving the objectives and tasks of a retail pharmacy. However, its implementation in pharmacy practice encounters a number of obstacles and barriers. Barriers to the implementation of pharmaceutical care result primarily from a lack of precise and understandable for all participants (doctors, patients and pharmacists) legal regulations controlling the basic principles of cooperation. They are a derivative of the lack of vision and the definition of the functions that pharmaceutical care should perform in the process of managing pharmacotherapy. This article presents the essence of pharmaceutical care in the process of managing the pharmacotherapy of the patient and indicates the difference between its effective implementation and the realization of the professional advisory process in a public pharmacy. The conclusions and recommendations contained therein were formulated and presented on the basis of the results of an empirical study.
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EN
A clinical trial is each trial conducted in humans to discover or confirm the clinical, pharmacological, including pharmacodynamic, effects of action of one or more investigational medicinal products, or to identify the adverse reactions to one or more investigational medicinal products, or to monitor absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of one or more investigational medicinal products, taking into consideration their safety and efficacy. It ought to be remembered that clinical trials may be conducted with the use of medicinal products. Clinical trials must be conducted in a way which is in line with the primary principle that clinical trial participants’ rights, safety, health, and welfare override the interest of science and society.
EN
The statutory definition of a pharmacy determines it as a health care facility where authorized persons provide, in particular, pharmaceutical services. The pharmaceutical law system specifies the catalog of pharmacy tasks, the list of pharmaceutical services and the responsibilities of professional staff. However, it does not contain the accuracy of pharmaceutical care and pro-health services. Lack of precise legal regulations in this regard makes it difficult to carry out a basic pharmacy mission, namely public health protection. The pharmacy owner’s authority often has to make risky decisions at the frontier of the law. The unclear and imprecise nature of Polish pharmaceutical law often leads to over interpretation by pharmaceutical regulators and entails the risk of imposing high financial penalties on pharmacies. This article is intended to indicate the area of health-care activity of a pharmacy, which is not specified in the law, which is the provision of additional services defi ned in the system of law as “other activities”. On the basis of the analysis of the legal acts and the judgements of the administrative courts, a detailed analysis of the Polish pharmaceutical law system was made as regards the admissibility of the provision of health services in pharmacies. The analysis indicates that there exists the legal gap in the system of Polish pharmaceutical law, liquidation of which nobody cares.
EN
This paper presents issues regarding the administrative and legal aspects of retail trading of the medicinal products. Because one of the most important goods protected by law is health, the regulations included in the branch of administrative law are to serve its protection. Nor can one forget that public authorities must protect public health. The state carries out its tasks, among other things, by introducing restrictions on retail trade of the medicinal products. Such limitations have been inscribed into the essence of the social market economy, which is characterised by parallel economic and social goals. Although all kinds of restrictions on the issue are justified, they are somewhat restrictive.
EN
Over the last years, an increase has been observed in taking out from Poland of large amounts of refunded medicines, mainly those that save health and lives of patients, such as insulins, anti-asthmatics, antithrombotic and anti-cancer drugs. The uncontrolled taking out of these medicines has reached the level that cannot be socially acceptable, and that does not allow for providing patients with permanent access to important medical products. Pharmacies, instead of selling drugs to patients, sold them back to pharmaceutical wholesale companies. The latter, in turn, took them out on a massive scale to countries where they are much more expensive. Such a situation was an incentive for NIK to conduct a planned coordinated audit entitled “State Pharmaceutical Inspectorate’s performance of tasks set out in the Act: Pharmaceutical Law”.
EN
The article describes the issues of advertising of medicinal products, which is defined as an activity based on informative and encouraging actions towards a medicinal product that aims to increase: the number of prescriptions, supply, sales and consumption of medicinal products. The advertisement is controlled by both administrative and penal regulations. The main concern is to establish the legal regulation so that the penal regulation may be applied only when the application of administrative law would not be sufficient. It is also a principal matter because the Constitution of the Republic of Poland states as a rule that the freedom of economic activity can be restricted only when an important public interest exists. The article also elaborates on the issue of the substitution of penal regulation by administrative regulation and the associated risks to principal guarantees of a subject, which engages in the activity of advertising medicinal products.
EN
In the proposed draft position the author the author finds that Article 94a para. 1 of the Pharmaceutical Law is not compatible with particular provisions of the Constitution. This Article which imposes a complete ban on advertising of pharmacies, interferes with the freedom to create the conditions for business activity. This extensive interference in the freedom of economic activity, manifested in a total ban on advertising of pharmacies, does not meet the proportionality test. In fact, it excludes the possibility of engagement in substantial activity included in the participation in the market, such as advertising and communication of neutral information about their business for customers, as guaranteed by the Constitution.
EN
The evolution of pharmaceutical administration in Poland Production and marketing of medicinal products are of interest to the legislature for many years. Already in 1919, they entered into force on the first rules governing the matter indicated. The basic health law was the first piece of legislation to regulate the issue of the pharmaceutical market. The legislator only in 1939 passed a new law in this area, which for several years was in force between 40 and 50. Only later came into force a new law on pharmaceuticals and drugs and sanitary articles, which was much more extensive than previously applicable. Due to the political changes legislature has decided to re-regulate the matter of trade in medicinal products. The next act was even more extensive regulation than the last. Currently, since 2001 the issue of the production and marketing of medicinal products has been regulated in the Law pharmaceuticals. Out of all these acts is the most detailed spite of the narrower scope of the legislation. It reflects a trend towards more study, a matter of regulating the production and marketing of medicinal products, as well as increasingly sophisticated system of supervision and control in this area.
EN
The article raises the question of the influence of the EU clinical trials of medicinal products legislation on the Polish criminal law. Although this issue does not fall within the scope of the Article 83 of the Treaty on Functioning of the European Union, its significant importance results from the expected beginning of application of the Regulation No. 536/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on clinical trials on medicinal products for human use, and repealing Directive 2001/20/EC. The impact of the EU legislation on member states’ criminal law in the field of clinical trials is based on the principle of pri- macy. Three directions of this impact can be distinguished concerning Regulation No. 536/2014. The first is the exclusion of the unlawfulness of the acts prohibited by the chapter 19 of the Polish Criminal Code within the scope of the prerequisites for the admissibility of clinical trials. The second is the de facto depenalisation of the behaviors described by in Article 126a (1) (3–5) of Pharmaceutical Act. The indicated two effects may take place ex lege with the beginning of application of Regulation No. 536/2014, if there is no change in the Polish law beforehand. The realisation of the third direction depends on the decision of the Polish legislator, who is required to introduce effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties applicable to infringements of the Regulation No. 536/2014. The type of these measures is left to the discretion of the member states, but the current legal situation combined with the principle of assimilation prompts us to suppose that the choice of criminal penalties will be sustained.
PL
Funkcjonowanie rynku aptekarskiego w Polsce podlega ścisłej regulacji ustawowej. Dążąc do podwyższenia jakości świadczenia usług farmaceutycznych, w 2017 roku ustawodawca dokonał istotnych zmian w przedmiocie zasad podejmowania działalności aptekarskiej obejmujących m.in. ograniczenie form działalności gospodarczej właściwych dla podejmowania działalności aptekarskiej, wprowadzenie współczynników demograficznego i geograficznego, warunkujących udzielenie zezwolenia na prowadzenie apteki oraz ograniczenie zakresu podmiotowego adresatów zezwolenia do farmaceutów posiadających prawo do wykonywania zawodu. Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu uczyniono ocenę podstawowych zmian Prawa farmaceutycznego w ujęciu perspektyw rynku aptekarskiego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ich wpływu na pozycję farmaceuty jako przedsiębiorcy oraz autonomicznego właściciela apteki jako przedsiębiorstwa.
EN
The functioning of the pharmacy market in Poland is subject to strict statutory regulation. Aiming at increasing the quality of provision of pharmaceutical services, in 2017 the legislator made significant changes to the subject of the principles of undertaking pharmacy activities, including limiting the forms of economic activity appropriate for undertaking pharmacy activities, introducing demographic and geographical factors conditioning the granting of a permit to operate a pharmacy and reducing the scope of the recipients permitted to hold this permit only to pharmacists with the right to practice. The subject of this article was to estimate the fundamental changes in pharmaceutical law in terms of the perspectives of the pharmacy market; with particular emphasis on their impact on the position of a pharmacist as an entrepreneur and the autonomous owner of the pharmacy as an enterprise.
PL
Autor przedstawia europejskie regulacje prawne, które mają zwiększyć dostępność produktów leczniczych poprzez zwiększenie ochrony patentowej oraz wsparcie finansowe i organizacyjne badań nad nowymi produktami leczniczymi. Braki na rynku tych produktów powodują, że dopuszczone do obrotu leki są stosowane poza zakresem dopuszczenia, co określa się pojęciem off label use. Artykuł objaśnia zakres tego pojęcia. Sygnalizuje ponadto przyczyny, skalę zjawiska stosowania leków poza zakresem dopuszczenia do obrotu oraz ryzyka dla zdrowia pacjenta. Autor przekonuje, że praktyka off label występuje nie tylko w pediatrii i leczeniu chorób sierocych. Prawodawca europejski ustanowił jednak system zachęt do badań klinicznych nad lekami na rzadkie schorzenia oraz lekami stosowanymi u dzieci. Ocena tych regulacji wypada pozytywnie. Są one jednak niewystarczające z uwagi na skalę zjawiska oraz ryzyka, na jakie narażeni są pacjenci.
EN
The author presents European regulations, which are to increase the availability of medicinal products by increasing patent protection as well as financial and organizational support for research into new medicinal products. Shortages of medicinal products cause authorized medicines to be used outside the scope of their authorization, which is defined as the concept of their off label use. The article clarifies the scope of this concept. It also brings up the causes, the scale and the risks to the patients’ health related to the phenomenon of the use of drugs outside the scope of their authorization. The author argues that the practice of the off label use of drugs occurs not only in paediatrics and the treatment of orphan diseases. The European legislator has established, however, a system of incentives for clinical trials on drugs for rare diseases and drugs for paediatric use. The evaluation and outcome of these regulations is positive. However, they are insufficient, given the scale of the phenomenon andthe risks to which patients are exposed.
UK
У статті наведено основні етапи обігу дієтичних добавок, які вміщують у своєму складі харчові добавки, на фармацевтичному ринку України. Вивчено класифікацію дієтичних добавок та встановлено тринадцять груп відповідно до АТС-код, клініко-фармакологічної групи. Опановано режим контролю дієтичних добавок групи «Дієтичні добавки до їжі, які впливають на функції центральної нервової системи» та встановлено, які харчові добавки входять до складу дієтичних добавок групи «Дієтичні добавки до їжі, які впливають на функції центральної нервової системи». Обґрунтовано, що деякі харчові добавки з індексами Е171, E172 можуть спричинити побічні явища у вигляді хвороби печінки та нирок, а харчова добавка Е504 взагалі заборонена до вживання дітям віком до 5 років.
EN
The article presents the main stages of circulation of dietary supplements that contain food additives on Ukraine pharmaceutical market. The classification of dietary supplements was studied and thirteen groups according to the ATC code, clinical and pharmacological group were found. The control regime of dietary supplements of the "Dietary supplements that affect the functions of the central nervous system" group was studied and it was established what food additives are included in dietary supplements of the "Dietary supplements that affect the functions of the central nervous system" group. It was proved that some food supplements with indices E171, E172 may cause side effects in the form of liver and kidney disease and food supplement E504 is generally prohibited for children under the age of 5 years.
EN
The functioning of the pharmacy market in Poland is subject to strict statutory regulation. In striving to ensure the widest availability of services provided by generally accessible pharmacies to patients, the legislator introduced a solution consisting in granting county (‘powiat’) councils the power to issue local acts of law regarding the establishment of working hours of generally accessible pharmacies locally. Compliance with this obligation, however, faces various difficulties on the part of both pharmacies and self-government bodies, which negatively affects the effectiveness of the existing solution. The subject of this article is the assessment of existing legal solutions in the discussed area, together with a review of the proposed statutory changes developed by pharmacies self-government and the Association of Polish Counties (‘powiat’).
PL
Funkcjonowanie rynku aptekarskiego w Polsce podlega ścisłej regulacji ustawowej. Dążąc do zapewnienia jak najszerszej dostępności usług świadczonych przez apteki ogólnodostępne dla pacjentów, ustawodawca wprowadził rozwiązanie polegające na przyznaniu radom powiatów uprawnienia do wydawania aktów prawa miejscowego w przedmiocie ustalenia rozkładów godzin pracy aptek ogólnodostępnych na obszarze powiatów. Wypełnianie tego obowiązku napotyka jednak różne trudności ze strony zarówno aptek, jak i organów samorządu, co wpływa negatywnie na efektywność rozwiązania. Przedmiotem artykułu jest ocena istniejących rozwiązań prawnych w omawianym zakresie i omówienie proponowanych zmian ustawowych opracowanych przez samorząd aptekarski i Związek Powiatów Polskich.
PL
W opracowaniu poddano analizie orzecznictwo sądów administracyjnych dotyczące zakresu stosowania art. 99 ust. 3 i 3a ustawy Prawo farmaceutyczne. Za niekonstytucyjną uznano praktykę rozszerzającej wykładni tego przepisu, przyjmującej, iż ma on zastosowanie nie tylko w postępowaniu o udzielenie zezwolenia na prowadzenie apteki, ale także w postępowaniu w sprawie jego zmiany i cofnięcia. Autorzy wyrażają przekonanie o konieczności ustabilizowania się stanowiska sądów w tej materii i przyjęcia poglądu wyrażonego w najnowszych wyrokach Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego, iż art. 99 ust. 3 i 3a u.p.f. jest jasnym i spójnym przepisem o wyłącznie kompetencyjnym charakterze. Wywodzenie z niego niewyrażonych przez ustawodawcę obowiązków podmiotu prowadzącego aptekę narusza fundamentalne zasady i wartości konstytucyjne.
EN
The study analyzes the jurisprudence of administrative courts regarding the scope of application of Art. 99 sec. 3 and 3a of the Pharmaceutical Law. The application of an extensive interpretation of this provision was deemed unconstitutional. Such an interpretation assumes that it is applicable not only in the procedure for granting a permit to operate a pharmacy, but also in the procedure for its amendment and withdrawal. The authors express the conviction that it is necessary to stabilize the position of the courts in this matter and to adopt the view expressed in the latest judgments of the Supreme Administrative Court that Art. 99 sec. 3 and 3a of the Pharmaceutical Law Act is a clear and coherent provision of a purely competence nature. Deriving from this provision the obligations of an entity running a pharmacy that have not been expressed by the legislator violates fundamental constitutional principles and values.
EN
The issue raised in the article applies to determine whether it is possible to exempt from criminal liability of the person who sent to perform some duties associated with the law of its function performed by another person in the event of such failure to comply with these obligations by the person performing them, that results in the fulfillment of the criminal offense. The relevance of issues raised due to the fact of being bound by the law of some functions such a wide range of duties that the reliable performance of all these duties by one person which performs this function, is not possible, which forces the transfer of some tasks to other people. No transfer in the wake of the criminal responsibility can lead to the situation where the person liable, despite exercising due diligence in the exercise of its functions, which is expressed in the transfer of some of responsibilities, which is not able to perform on his own to other competent bodies, can still be held criminally liable for their improper performance. This situation can cause that criminal liability would be in place of strictly individual responsibility, based on the guilt of the individual, to whom the requirements of a specific behavior were made, foreign to criminal liability responsibility for risk. It should be noted that in some cases legal regulations explicitly exclude the possibility of exemption from liability by the transfer of certain tasks to a third party. Usually, however, there is no regulation in this area which allows for the analysis of the issues raised based on the assumptions underlying the criminal law. The article analyzes the problem based on examples of regulation in civil law with particular emphasis on tort liability, commercial law, construction law, labor law, accounting law and pharmaceutical law. The conclusions indicated the extent to which effective transfer of responsibilities to another person or just entrust another person to perform certain duties assigned to the function of the person liable, may modify the scope of the criminal responsibility of the entity. The raised issue of delegation of duties tested for formal reasons associated with this activity as well as one of the most important bases of criminal responsibility, which is a violation of the prudent (rational) behavior. Admissibility of delegating a part of one’s duties to another entity does not eliminate the problem of criminal responsibility for failure to comply with them by the required person that whether wasn’t diligent enough in choosing an entity to whom he passed his duties, or did not show even a small range of interest to the actual and proper execution of these duties by this entity.
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 8
54-73
PL
Przedmiotem publikacji jest zagadnienie sprzedaży na odległość produktów leczniczych z perspektywy regulacji krajowych. Autor szczegółowo analizuje przepisy prawa farmaceutycznego oraz rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia w sprawie wysyłkowej sprzedaży produktów leczniczych, pod kątem znalezienia odpowiedzi na przyczynę małego zainteresowania środowiska aptekarskiego dalszym rozwojem omawianej formy sprzedaży leków. Przedmiotem zainteresowania autora jest także analiza przepisów regulujących wysyłkową sprzedaż leków pod kątem zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa pacjentów.
EN
The subject matter of this article concerns the question of distance selling of medicinal products considered from the perspective of national legislation. The author analyzes in detail the provisions of the Polish Pharmaceutical Law and the Ordinance of the Minister of Health of 26 March 2015 on mail-order sales of medicinal products in order to find the answer to the question why pharmacists show little interest in further developing this distribution channel for medicine. The author focuses also on the analysis of the provisions governing mail-order sales of medicines in terms of ensuring patient safety.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the way in which criminal reactions to the violation of the prohibition on distributing medicines in a direction other than to the patient are shaped, and then to assess the regulations penalizing the above behavior. The main objective of the considerations is an attempt to answer the question whether the legislator, using penal instruments, sufficiently secured the proper trade in medicinal products, or maybe too late or inept definition of the statutory description of a prohibited act determined the lack of possibility to bring criminal responsibility and to apply an adequate criminal response to perpetrators acting within the so-called drug mafia.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie sposobu kształtowania się reakcji karnych na naruszenie zakazu dystrybucji leków w innym kierunku niż do pacjenta, a następnie dokonanie oceny regulacji penalizujących powyższe zachowania. Zasadniczym celem rozważań jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy ustawodawca, posługując się instrumentami karnymi, wystarczająco zabezpieczył prawidłowy obrót produktami leczniczymi, czy może zbyt późne lub nieudolne określenie ustawowego opisu czynu zabronionego przesądziło o braku możliwości pociągnięcia do odpowiedzialności karnej i zastosowania odpowiedniej reakcji karnej wobec sprawców działających w ramach tzw. mafii lekowej.
PL
Celem artykułu jest nakreślenie obszaru badawczego w ramach socjologii medycyny, który socjologowie brytyjscy nazwali socjologią farmaceutyków. Zawierają się w niej: 1) procesy medykalizacji i farmaceutykalizacji, 2) społeczny kontekst tworzenia regulacji dotyczących leków, 3) praktyki marketingowe przemysłu farmaceutycznego, 4) oczekiwania społeczne dotyczące innowacji farmaceutycznych, 5) konsumpcja leków. W artykule omówiono powstanie i rozwój socjologii farmaceutyków oraz dokonano przeglądu badań mieszczących się w tym obszarze. Przedstawiono także argumenty dowodzące użyteczności terminu „socjologia farmaceutyków” w badaniach nad społecznymi konsekwencjami korzystania z leków oraz procesem farmaceutykalizacji.
EN
The aim of the article is to outline the subfield within the sociology of medicine which British sociologists called the sociology of pharmaceuticals. It contains: 1) the processes of medication and pharmaceuticalisation, 2) the social context of drug regulation, 3) marketing practices of the pharmaceutical industry, 4) social expectations regarding pharmaceutical innovations, and 5) drug consumption. The article will discuss the emergence and development of the sociology of pharmaceuticals, and a review of research in this area will be made. Finally, arguments will be presented showing the usefulness of the term sociology of pharmaceuticals in research on the social consequences of drug use and the process of pharmaceuticalisation.
EN
In this paper, the author characterizes the relationships between the entities that execute tasks associated with safety, efficiency and quality of medicinal products. He is interested in the correlations between the international and Europeans planes at the level of International Conference on Harmonisation of Technological Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use as well as relationships between European and national planes. The discussion of the aforementioned issues embraces comments concerning the justification of the need to intervene in the pharmaceutical market in terms of safety, quality and efficiency of such products. The investigation of relationships between global and European planes includes the characteristics of their structures, information on the implementation of the European Union guidelines, and their similarity to the guidelines of the European Medicines Agency with respect to, inter alia, recommended procedures for medicinal products assessment. The author analyzes correlations at the plane of relations between European Union member states and the European Medicines Agency with respect to medicinal products registration procedures in the European Union.
PL
Autor przedstawia relację między podmiotami realizującymi zadania w zakresie bezpieczeństwa, skuteczności i jakości produktów leczniczych. Zajmuje go powiązanie płaszczyzn międzynarodowej oraz europejskiej na poziomie International Conference on Harmonisation of Technological Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use oraz relacje płaszczyzny europejskiej i krajowej. Omówienie powyższych zagadnień obejmuje uwagi dotyczące uzasadnienia potrzeb ingerencji w rynek produktów leczniczych w zakresie bezpieczeństwa, jakości i skuteczności produktów leczniczych. Odniesienie się do powiązań płaszczyzn globalnej i europejskiej obejmuje charakterystykę struktury ICH, informację o implementacji wspomnianych wytycznych w Unii Europejskiej oraz o ich podobieństwie do wytycznych Europejskiej Agencji Leków m.in. w zakresie zalecanych procedur oceny produktów leczniczych. Autor analizuje powiązania na płaszczyźnie relacji pomiędzy państwami członkowskimi a Europejską Agencją Leków na poziomie procedur dopuszczenia produktów leczniczych do obrotu w Unii Europejskiej.
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