Search results

1

Implementacja programu opieki farmaceutycznej w aptece ogólnodostępnej — dostosowanie do potrzeb osób niepełnosprawnych

100%

Żak K.

Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review

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2017

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vol. 23

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issue 1

83-103

EN

Pharmaceutical care in apublic pharmacy included by the legislature to the catalog of pharmacy services is aplane of cooperation of three parties: the doctor, the patient and pharmacist. Implementation of pharmaceutical care in the practice of pharmacy faces many obstacles. One of them is the adaptation of the expedition chamber to the needs of disabled people to the process of professional counseling can take place in aquiet and peaceful atmosphere, ensuring privacy and confidentiality of information. This article presents the assumptions of the program pharmaceutical care and conditions to be imposed on the person providing pharmaceutical services to effectively and efficiently fulfill the social mission within the general program of public health protection.

2

Opieka farmaceutyczna czy profesjonalne doradztwo? Bariery wdrażania opieki farmaceutycznej w Polsce

100%

Żak K.

Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review

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2018

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vol. 24

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issue 4

65 - 81

EN

The provision of pharmaceutical services in a public pharmacy is related to the performance of a series of specialized activities aimed at the realization of the basic mission of the pharmacy, which is the protection of public health. Pharmaceutical care, included in the catalog of pharmaceutical services, is part of the pro-social system of achieving the objectives and tasks of a retail pharmacy. However, its implementation in pharmacy practice encounters a number of obstacles and barriers. Barriers to the implementation of pharmaceutical care result primarily from a lack of precise and understandable for all participants (doctors, patients and pharmacists) legal regulations controlling the basic principles of cooperation. They are a derivative of the lack of vision and the definition of the functions that pharmaceutical care should perform in the process of managing pharmacotherapy. This article presents the essence of pharmaceutical care in the process of managing the pharmacotherapy of the patient and indicates the difference between its effective implementation and the realization of the professional advisory process in a public pharmacy. The conclusions and recommendations contained therein were formulated and presented on the basis of the results of an empirical study.

3

Promocja usług prozdrowotnych w aptece ogólnodostępnej. Ujęcie prawne i ekonomiczne

100%

Żak K.

Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review

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2017

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vol. 23

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issue 4

293 - 304

EN

The statutory definition of a pharmacy determines it as a health care facility where authorized persons provide, in particular, pharmaceutical services. The pharmaceutical law system specifies the catalog of pharmacy tasks, the list of pharmaceutical services and the responsibilities of professional staff. However, it does not contain the accuracy of pharmaceutical care and pro-health services. Lack of precise legal regulations in this regard makes it difficult to carry out a basic pharmacy mission, namely public health protection. The pharmacy owner’s authority often has to make risky decisions at the frontier of the law. The unclear and imprecise nature of Polish pharmaceutical law often leads to over interpretation by pharmaceutical regulators and entails the risk of imposing high financial penalties on pharmacies. This article is intended to indicate the area of health-care activity of a pharmacy, which is not specified in the law, which is the provision of additional services defi ned in the system of law as “other activities”. On the basis of the analysis of the legal acts and the judgements of the administrative courts, a detailed analysis of the Polish pharmaceutical law system was made as regards the admissibility of the provision of health services in pharmacies. The analysis indicates that there exists the legal gap in the system of Polish pharmaceutical law, liquidation of which nobody cares.

4

“Reverse distribution chain” in public pharmacies in decisions of the Supreme Administrative Court

100%

Mielcarek A.

Studia Administracyjne

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2020

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issue 12

63-73

EN

The purpose of this article was to demonstrate the approach of the Supreme Administrative Court to ruling in cases of the “reverse distribution chain” and its effects for the entities operating public pharmacies that participate in the “reverse distribution chain”. The judgments of the Supreme Administrative Court in this area were analysed, taking into account the new legal standard prohibiting wholesale trade in medicinal products by a public pharmacy, regulations existing before the above legal standard was implemented, and the effects associated with the participation in the “reverse distribution chain”. The most important conclusion of the above analysis was the fact that the Pharmaceutical Law, when regulating trade in medicinal products, defines the principles of such trade and only on the basis thereof may the activity be conducted.

5

Zakaz reklamy aptek w świetle art. 94a Prawa farmaceutycznego

100%

Rabiega-Przyłęcka A.

Przegląd Prawa Publicznego

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2013

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issue 11

68-77

EN

The Article 94a of the Act on Pharmaceutical Law binding in the revised version since 1 January 2012 concerning the prohibition of advertising of pharmacies makes it impossible for pharmacies to carry out the forms of advertising used until now. In contrast to the solutions in force – solutions binding – before the amendment, at present the legislator does not provide for the permitted forms of advertising activity of pharmacies. The definitions of legal advertising of pharmacies were not defined either, which can cause problems of interpretation concerning the scope of prohibition of advertising. In this article the author attempts to define the concept of an advertisement of pharmacy and the scope of introduced prohibition of pharmacies advertising, raising questions of interpretation relating to the application of art. 94a of Pharmaceutical Law.

6

Apteka jako alegoryczny obraz świata. XVII-wieczne malowidła z klasztoru pijarów w Rzeszowie

88%

Jagla J.

Studia Ełckie

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2013

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vol. 15

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issue 2

235-256

EN

The article is focused on 17. century ceiling paintings in the Piarist monastery pharmacy in Rzeszow. In that time the city itself and its surroundings had a pretty coherent and rich pharmaceutical tradition. From 16. century there was observable a rapid origin of pharmacies in Przemysl, Jaroslaw, Lancut, Biecz, Krosno, Przeworsk, Sanok and Rzeszow. Unfortunately, the first partition of Poland was followed by the collapse of pharmacies and the closedown of a large part of them. The next wave of the decline of pharmacies came by the end of 18. century together with the cancel of the Jesuits and other religious orders which used to lead pharmacies. At the same time very the supply of pharmaceutical personnel from the Jagiellonian University in Krakow started to decrease. The Piarist monastery pharmacy became a historical monument of Rzeszow and its fine art. What undoubtedly creates the beauty and magical mood of the pharmacy are exceptional paintings which cover the barrel-vault and its surroundings in the main hall. They were discovered when the monas-tery buildings was transformed for the museum in 1958-1962. The performer of that thematically rich polychrome created in 1688-1697 is a painter of the great talent, Wojciech Ziemecki (Limecki), who took the religious name of Luke. His Rzeszow paintings have already been analyzed and described by J. Swieboda, L. Czyz, D. Drag, T. Drupka and I. Ziewiec. However, the authoress claims that the quantity of themes and the specificity of approaches make that they need some fresh perspective which was not gained by former interpretations.

7

Patent Races and Institutional Solutions of Health Care Policy in Developed Countries

88%

Biga B.

Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance

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2019

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issue 4(50)

15-22

EN

Objectives: To identify the methods of the state’s influence on health care system through intellectual property law mechanisms. Research Design & Methods: Literature review based on the economic analysis of law. F indings: An active role of the state in innovations in the pharmaceutical branch could bring benefits in the health care system. This role does not have to be limited to being a shareholder in selected projects (as a capital supplier). Implications / Recommendations: The state is able to influence the speed, the structure, and the direction of patent races b y setting a real width of the patent (court verdicts) and patent height (patent office’s decisions) as well as the manner and the scale of compulsory licences usage. Contribution / Value Added: Making changes in the speed, the structure, and the direction of patent races has got a strong impact on health policy. Appropriate influencing of the state on innovation activity in the pharmaceutical branch allows one to generate large benefits in the health care system.

8

ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ У СТУДЕНТІВ У ПРОЦЕСІ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ ЗА СПЕЦІАЛЬНІСТЮ «ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ ПАРФЮМЕРНО-КОСМЕТИЧНИХ ЗАСОБІВ» У ВИЩИХ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ЗАКЛАДАХ

88%

Довжук В., Воскобойнікова Г.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2015

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issue 6(50)

166-173

EN

In the article, the problem of research and practice of forming of students’ professional competence in the process of professional preparation in specialty «Technology of perfume-cosmetic products" in higher educational establishments is reflected. It is proved that professional preparation of specialists to pharmaceutical industry in higher educational establishments must be aimed at forming their professional competence for successful professional self-realization of the personality for the re-creation of socially active national productive potential, that will occupy an important place in the technological updating of pharmaceutical and perfume-cosmetic production, embodiment in practice of world level of achievements of science and technique. At the present stage professional training of specialists of the pharmaceutical industry is being constantly transformed in the context of European integration. Based on the experience of foreign countries, we need to improve qualitatively vocational training and direct it to the formation in the future specialist of domestic pharmaceutical industry a high level of professional competence, professional motivation based on social-psychological and personal moral qualities that meet the needs of society with the standards of pharmaceutical ethics and deontology. Improvement of higher pharmaceutical education in accordance with the European integration processes is impossible without improving its management, modernization of its structure and content, creation of modern textbooks, manuals, methodological developments, ensuring the quality and transition to the competence-oriented professional development of students at all stages of continuous pharmaceutical education. Introduction of new integrated training courses and educational programs using modern pedagogical and information technologies in training students of specialty «Technology of perfume-cosmetic products» will contribute to the formation of their professional competence. The prospects of further research is scientific justification of professional competencies of graduates according to educational-qualification level «Bachelor» and educational-qualification level «Master».

9

Tervishoiususteem Harjumaal 1922–1926: tootajad, asutused, arstiabi kattesaadavus

88%

Oganjan K.

Mäetagused

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2010

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vol. 45

95-104

EN

The aim of this work is to study the state-supported health care system in Harju County during the years 1922–1926. This subject has not been studied extensively up until now and the article provides a clearer picture of quondam health service institutions in Harju County, the people working as medical staff and whether medical care was available to people living in rural areas. The focus is on the rural areas of Harju County, and the national health care system as relatively unexplored domains. Therefore, most of the information here is obtained from the Tallinn City Archive. The article does not concern folk medicine, although this was probably used most often. Folk medicine needs separate research and the current one is groundwork for this: it helpis to understand why, in the 1920’s, people preferred folk medicine to state-financed medicine. As a result of the research I found out that poor access to health care was one of the main reasons why ethno-medical treatment was preferred. In some parts of the region there were no doctors and medical care was very expensive. In the rural areas of Harju County, there were no hospitals and people could only use the ones in Tallinn. In addition to the fact that it was difficult to travel to Tallinn, hospital treatment was very expensive. After a stay in hospital, many people accrued serious debt. Rural Medial practice doctors had many different tasks which made it difficult for people to Access health care. People from Harju County often did not want to go to the doctor because they did not trust medical staff – on several occasions medical personnel took too much Money from patients. However, we can say that in the second half of the 1920’s the situation started to improve: in 1925, there was at least one doctor in every rural medical practice. People in Harju County often visited a pharmacist before going to the doctor, and sometimes this led to conflict, because pharmacists sold prescription drugs without permission and thus did the work of the doctors. Likewise, pharmacists sometimes asked a higher price for drugs than allowed, which made it difficult for poor people to access medicines, and again it caused conflict between pharmacists and doctors.

10

RECENT TRENDS IN PACKAGING SYSTEMS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

75%

Dobrucka R.

LogForum

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2014

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vol. 10

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issue 4

393-398

EN

Background: In recent years, pharmaceutical packaging market was one of the fastest growing areas of the packaging industry. At the same time the packaging manufacturers put high demands on quality and safety. Methods: Review of innovations in packaging systems for pharmaceutical products was made including newest information of researches and achievements of recent years. Results and conclusion: Observed in recent years the development of pharmaceutical packaging market expanded due to with the huge technological advances that allow introduction of new packaging. Also, in this study presented intelligent packaging in pharmacy and innovation in child-resistance packaging.

PL

Wstęp: W ostatnich latach rynek opakowań farmaceutycznych należał do najszybciej rozwijających się obszarów przemysłu opakowaniowego. Jednocześnie wyznaczał producentom opakowań duże wymagania w zakresie jakości i bezpieczeństwa. Metody: Przegląd innowacji w systemach pakowania dla produktów farmaceutycznych został dokonany z uwzględnieniem nowości ostatnich lat. Wyniki i podsumowanie: Obserwowany na przestrzeni ostatnich lat rozwój rynku opakowań farmaceutycznych związany jest przede wszystkim z ogromnym postępem technologicznym, który umożliwia wprowadzenie na rynek nowych opakowań. W związku z tym, w pracy przedstawiono inteligentne opakowania dla farmacji oraz innowacje w opakowaniach chroniących przed niepożądanym otwarciem przez dzieci.

11

Wyposażenie „PRL-owskiej” izby recepturowej ze zbiorów Muzeum Okręgowego im. Leona Wyczółkowskiego w Bydgoszczy. Genius loci czy suma przypadków?

75%

Frischke G., Wilczyńska R., Ślusarczyk W.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2021

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vol. 66

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issue 1

187–203

EN

In 2017, the Leon Wyczółkowski District Museum in Bydgoszcz purchased the collection of a private pharmacy museum, previously functioning in the back of the now-liquidated Pod Łabędziem (‘Under the Swan’) pharmacy in Bydgoszcz, first opened in 1853. Among the acquired museum exhibits, there is prescription room equipment from the Polish People’s Republic period. From the point of view of museum workers and researchers of pharmaceutical material culture, in order to learn more about the acquisitions, it is essential to answer the following questions: Where and when were the prescription furniture and their equipment produced? Were they used only in Pod Łabędziem (‘Under the Swan’) pharmacy? Is the room equipment complete? What can the preserved equipment tell us about the type of drugs produced there? The conducted analysis allows us to state that the prescription furniture were manufactured in Nowe nad Wisłą at the turn of the 1970s. The prescription room is an original component of the described pharmacy but preserved in a truncated form. Its location is secondary. Chaos reigns among the preserved utensils. The current state of affairs does not reflect the standards of work in the former community pharmacy. The sum of the cases prevails over the genius loci.

12

Projekt stanowiska Sejmu w sprawie o sygn. akt SK 32/15

75%

Miaskowska-Daszkiewicz K.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2016

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issue 2(50)

258-286

EN

In the proposed draft position the author the author finds that Article 94a para. 1 of the Pharmaceutical Law is not compatible with particular provisions of the Constitution. This Article which imposes a complete ban on advertising of pharmacies, interferes with the freedom to create the conditions for business activity. This extensive interference in the freedom of economic activity, manifested in a total ban on advertising of pharmacies, does not meet the proportionality test. In fact, it excludes the possibility of engagement in substantial activity included in the participation in the market, such as advertising and communication of neutral information about their business for customers, as guaranteed by the Constitution.

13

Pozycja społeczno-zawodowa farmaceutów pracowników w Polsce (1918-1939) – teoria a praktyka

75%

Ślusarczyk W.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2021

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vol. 66

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issue 2

69–86

EN

The article aims to depict the socio-professional position of pharmacy employees in the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939) and the factors which influenced their status. In the interwar period, reforms of the pharmacists’ education system were implemented, the office of the provincial pharmaceutical inspector was introduced, and bills were adopted to settle the particulars of the profession. Thus, the foundations were created to depart from the former semi-artisanal character of pharmaceutical practice towards an academic and independent profession. This had a positive impact on the social and professional position of pharmacy employees. In theory, they were equal to their employers and representatives of other liberal professions. However, the reforms had awakened their ambitions and expectations. The reality was different, especially during the great economic crisis (1929–1933/35). The salaries of professional pharmacy personnel, especially in the eastern provinces, were not high. Instead of sufficient remuneration, people were still offered – as in the 19th century – housing and board at a pharmacy. The burning problem was unemployment, and the employers did not respect the working time regulations. All this frustrated the employees. Their presumably high socio-professional status was not always reflected in real life.

14

Ozone disinfection of community pharmacies during the COVID-19 pandemic as a possible preventive measure for infection spread

75%

Merks P., Religioni U., Bilmin K., Bogusz J., Juszczyk G., Barańska A., Kuthan R., Drelich E., Jakubowska M., Świeczkowski D., Białoszewski A., Jaguszewski M., Panford-Quainoo E., Vaillancourt R., Białoszewski D.

Medycyna Pracy

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2021

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vol. 72

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issue 5

529-534

EN

The COVID-19 pandemic is currently one of the major global health and economic challenges. An efficient method for reducing the transmission of the virus is a still unmet medical need. Existing experimental data have shown that coronavirus survival is negatively impacted by ozone, high temperature, and low humidity. Therefore, it is feasible to use area ozonation in pharmacies – the front line of the healthcare system. Nevertheless, further work is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of ozone disinfection to reduce the transmission of this virus in pharmacies, hospitals, and other public environments. Med Pr. 2021;72(5):529–34

15

Scientific institutions employing the highest cited researchers publishing in the field of pharmacology/pharmacy and physiology

75%

Pilc A., Buczko W.

Nauka

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2022

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issue 3

16

Perspektywy rynku aptekarskiego w Polsce w świetle zmiany ustawy – Prawo farmaceutyczne

63%

Jachowicz M., Skowron A.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2018

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issue 527

116-128

PL

Funkcjonowanie rynku aptekarskiego w Polsce podlega ścisłej regulacji ustawowej. Dążąc do podwyższenia jakości świadczenia usług farmaceutycznych, w 2017 roku ustawodawca dokonał istotnych zmian w przedmiocie zasad podejmowania działalności aptekarskiej obejmujących m.in. ograniczenie form działalności gospodarczej właściwych dla podejmowania działalności aptekarskiej, wprowadzenie współczynników demograficznego i geograficznego, warunkujących udzielenie zezwolenia na prowadzenie apteki oraz ograniczenie zakresu podmiotowego adresatów zezwolenia do farmaceutów posiadających prawo do wykonywania zawodu. Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu uczyniono ocenę podstawowych zmian Prawa farmaceutycznego w ujęciu perspektyw rynku aptekarskiego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ich wpływu na pozycję farmaceuty jako przedsiębiorcy oraz autonomicznego właściciela apteki jako przedsiębiorstwa.

EN

The functioning of the pharmacy market in Poland is subject to strict statutory regulation. Aiming at increasing the quality of provision of pharmaceutical services, in 2017 the legislator made significant changes to the subject of the principles of undertaking pharmacy activities, including limiting the forms of economic activity appropriate for undertaking pharmacy activities, introducing demographic and geographical factors conditioning the granting of a permit to operate a pharmacy and reducing the scope of the recipients permitted to hold this permit only to pharmacists with the right to practice. The subject of this article was to estimate the fundamental changes in pharmaceutical law in terms of the perspectives of the pharmacy market; with particular emphasis on their impact on the position of a pharmacist as an entrepreneur and the autonomous owner of the pharmacy as an enterprise.

17

Perspektywy rozwoju turystyki farmaceutycznej w regionie Polski południowej

63%

Lubowiecki-Vikuk A. P., Mucha D.

Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu

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2015

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vol. 49

147-156

EN

Background. The number of foreign patients in pharmacies is relatively on the increase, which contributes to the development of medical tourism, especially of one of its categories – pharmaceutical tourism. This requires an estimation of the foreign patients segment, determination of the sociodemographic profile of the ‘pharmaceutical tourist’, identification of the tourist’s purchase-related behaviour, and indication of the prospects for the pharmaceutical tourism development. Materials and methods. The research concerned a randomtarget group of 167 pharmacies operating in the region of Southern Poland. An own survey was applied. Results. In the years 2012–2014, the number of foreign patients using the services of the pharmacies rose by over 13 500. These were mainly male patients, aged 31–40 (30.4%), coming from Great Britain (18.8%), Germany (16.3%), Russia (10.5%), and the Czech Republic (10.3%). Most of them arrived in winter. Over-the-counter drugs are a popular purchase (68%) and a patient’s average expense does not exceed PLN 250.00 (46%). Using hard arguments, 49.1% of the surveyed pharmacies representatives express no optimism about the development of medical tourism. Conclusions. The results of the research indicate that there is an urgent need to make diverse interventions on the market of medical tourism, including pharmaceutical tourism.

18

Bank Medycznych Konopi na wyspie Tamka we Wrocławiu

63%

Komendacka E., Kirschke P.

Architectus

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2017

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issue 4(52)

107-112

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano projekt siedziby Cannabis Bank autorstwa Elżbiety Komendackiej, który zdobył wyróżnienie honorowe w międzynarodowym konkursie architektonicznym zorganizowanym w 2016 r. przez Bee Breeders. Tematem było zaprojektowanie uniwersalnej siedziby Banku Medycznych Konopi, tak aby rozwiązanie łatwo można było zaadaptować do dowolnej lokalizacji na całym świecie. Budynkowi nadano prostą formę i zastosowano szereg zabiegów mających na celu stworzenie przyjemnej atmosfery oddalającej potoczne, negatywne skojarzenia z marihuaną. Program budynku rozszerzono o funkcje laboratoryjne i edukacyjne. W pracy przedstawiono dodatkowy wariant budynku dostosowany do działki na wyspie Tamka we Wrocławiu.

EN

The article presents the project of the Cannabis Bank headquarter by Elżbieta Komendacka, which got awarded with an honorable mention in the international architectural competition for the Cannabis Bank headquarters organized in 2016 by Bee Breeders. The theme was to design a universal form of the building for the Medical Cannabis Bank so the solution could easily be adapted to any location in the world. The proposal has a very simple design. Numerous facilities have been implied in order to create a pleasant atmosphere opposite to the current negative associations with marijuana. The building program has been extended with the research and educational facilities. The project is given in two variants. The basic with its universal character and the extended one that is adapted to the requirements of the location on the Tamka Island in Wrocław.

19

International Biotechnological and Pharmaceutical Corporations in the World

63%

Boguś M., Dorocki S.

Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego

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2018

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vol. Volume 32, Issue 2

129-141

EN

Contemporary, life science (including biotechnology and pharmacy) are regarded as one of the most significant and the fastest developing sectors of innovative (knowledge-based) economy and as the most important factors of socio-economic development. Biotechnological and pharmaceutical corporations are located mainly in the proximity to the world-class universities, providing access to a highly skilled workforce and research infrastructure and it is associated with a high risk investment resulting from rapid technological changes. The subject of the conducted research are international corporations selected from the list of 2 000 biggest corporations in the world of the Forbes Magazine. The aim of the research is to determine the location and economical potential changes of the international biotechnology and pharmaceutical corporations. Nowadays, the importance of biotechnological and pharmaceutical corporations is growing. Biotechnology develops rapidly because of the aging of the society, civilisation illnesses, growing economies. The main regions famous for developing biotechnological and pharmaceutical corporations are highly developed countries such as the USA, Western European countries, Japan. However, the relocation of the industry is noticeable (location of production and clinical trials), searching for new markets and more friendly legal policy (China, India). Research and Development infrastructure, highly developed human capital and infrastructural factors (including ethical and legal ones) are the main factors of the development of biotechnology.

PL

Współcześnie przemysł life science (w tym biotechnologiczny i farmaceutyczny – B&F) uznawany jest za jeden z najważniejszych i najszybciej rozwijających się sektorów gospodarki zaawansowanych technologii. Przemysł ten jest ważnym czynnikiem rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego poszczególnych krajów oraz regionów i w znaczący sposób wpływa na kształtowanie się gospodarki opartej na wiedzy. Szczególną rolę w kreowaniu rozwoju gospodarczego odgrywają wielkie korporacje międzynarodowe, posiadające bogate zaplecze naukowe i kapitał. Korporacje działające w tym sektorze gospodarki zmuszone są do podejmowania ciągłych działań innowacyjnych, co związane jest z szybkimi zmianami technologicznymi, a tym samym z dużym ryzykiem inwestycyjnym. Przedmiotem przeprowadzonych badań są transnarodowe korporacje biotechnologiczne i farmaceutyczne wyróżnione spośród 2000 największych korporacji różnych sektorów gospodarczych magazynu „Forbes”. Celem badań jest określenie prawidłowości przemian, jakie zachodziły w układach przestrzennych oraz w potencjale ekonomicznym transnarodowych korporacji biotechnologicznych i farmaceutycznych. Współcześnie można zaobserwować wzrost znaczenia tych podmiotów wśród największych korporacji światowych. Szczególnie szybko rozwija się przemysł biotechnologiczny (w tym biotechnologia biała), co jest spowodowane m.in. starzeniem się społeczeństwa, chorobami cywilizacyjnymi, wzrostem gospodarczym w krajach rozwijających się oraz zauważalną akceleracją rozwoju nowych technologii. Jako główne rejony rozwoju biotechnologii i farmacji podaje się kraje wysoko rozwinięte (np. USA, kraje Europy Zachodniej, Japonię). Jednak w ostatnich latach można zauważyć nasilający się proces delokalizacji przemysłu (w tym głównie w aspekcie produkcji i badań klinicznych). Proces delokalizacji sektora life science powiązany jest również z powstawaniem nowych rynków zbytu (np. Azja, Ameryka Południowa) i poszukiwaniem przez korporacje regionów proinwestycyjnych (np. Chiny, Indie). Jednakże spośród wszystkich czynników najważniejsza dla rozwoju biotechnologii sektorów life science jest infrastruktura B&R, wysokiej jakości kapitał ludzki i czynniki infrastrukturalne (w tym odpowiednie normy etyczne i prawne).

20

Apteki Guberni Płockiej w latach 1865-1915

63%

Milewska M.

Rocznik Towarzystwa Naukowego Płockiego

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2014

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vol. 6

s. 77-108

PL

Apteki w XIX wieku były miejscami, w którym można było zaopatrzyć się w różnego rodzaju medykamenty, dlatego należy je traktować jako placówki mające na celu ochronę zdrowia. W guberni płockiej istniały one już w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku, nie mniej jednak lata 1965-1915 należy traktować jako czas systematycznego rozbudowywania sieci aptekarskiej. Systematyczny wzrost liczby aptek jak i realizowanych w nich recept dowodzi postępującego upowszechnienia lecznictwa. Należy jednak zaznaczyć, że rozwój sieci aptekarskiej dokonał się, mimo niesprzyjających przepisów dotyczących otwierania aptek, ustalania taksy aptekarskiej i wykształcenia pracowników aptecznych. Podzielone, gubernialne środowisko farmaceutyczne i krzewiąca się w nim konkurencyjność również paraliżowały pracę na rzecz wspólnych interesów. Brak odpowiedniej infrastruktury medycznej i wadliwy system opieki medycznej zmuszał mieszkańców guberni płockiej do szukania ratunku u farmaceutów lub znachorów. Z uwagi więc na dystrybucję medykamentów leczniczych, apteki w latach 1865-1915 w guberni płockiej stanowiły ważne ogniwo w upowszechnianiu środków leczniczych i opieki medycznej.

EN

Pharmacies in 19th century were places where various medicaments could be found. Thus should be treated as health centres. There were such pharmacies in Plock governorate in the 19th century, nevertheless between 1965-1915 systematic expanding of the pharmacy network could be noticed. The growth of the pharmacy network and increasing number of prescripts implemented, prove the progression in the need for treatment. It is important to mention that the increase of pharmacy number happened despite unfavourable legislation concerning staring up a pharmacy, setting pharmacy tax or the education of pharmacists. The provincially divided pharmaceutical environment and growing competitiveness also paralysed the work on the common interest. Lack of the sufficient medical infrastructure and faulty health care system forced citizens of Plock governorate to look for help in quacks and pharmacists. Due to the distribution of medicines in years 1865-1915 in Plock governorate, pharmacies were important link in the dissemination of medicines and medical care.

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