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Relacja forma – funkcja w myśli Ferdynanda de Saussure’a, gramatyce generatywnej i gramatyce konstrukcji. Próba zarysu

100%
Pskit W.
Linguistica Copernicana
|
2013
|
issue 2(10)
147-159
EN
Aspects of Ferdinand de Saussure’s linguistic theorizing that have exerted a profound influence on the development of modern linguistics include his view on the relation between form and meaning/function. Indeed, the very relation underlies his concept of linguistic sign. The signifying-signified dichotomy appears to be a point of departure for a number of current theoretical paradigms. This paper attempts to point to the fact that de Saussure’s conception of the link between form and function has inspired the treatment of this relation in two modern approaches: generative grammar and construction grammar. It seems that the notion of phase, crucial to the derivational mechanism in the most recent version of Chomsky’s (1995, 2001, 2008) generative grammar, i.e. the Minimalist Program, and the concept of construction in Goldberg’s (1995, 2003, 2006) construction grammar elaborate on de Saussure’s perspective on form and meaning/function. Obviously, both modern approaches go beyond de Saussure’s conception and differ from one another due to distinct theoretical and methodological assumptions.
2
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Давноминулий час із семантикою незавершеної ситуації

100%
Andrijiw O.
Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia
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2016
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vol. 4
15-23
PL
The article deals with the problem of the appearance in the pluperfect of semantic forms for uncompleted past situations. The study involves the analysis of situations in which the process of developing the action, expressed by the pluperfect, sees a barrier appear that disturbs the natural fl ow of the event or indicates the canceled result of the event. Particular attention is focused on constructions with the particle bulo, because the use of this particle in artistic texts is a sign of disturbance to the natural fl ow of the events. As a conclusion: the pluperfect tense in such interpretation is carried out in different types of sentences and its semantic potential is realized in 3 main types: 1) unrealized intention; 2) disturbed attempt; 3) canceled result. The choice of the appropriate interpretation depends on the aspectual characteristics of the verb, its semantics and the context.
3

Testament examination

67%
Kipouràs P.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
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2017
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vol. 44
101-111
EN
The testament’s examination should be methodologically approached very carefully by the document examiner. He has to take into consideration the clinical condition of the presumed testator, the particular historical circumstances of the testament’s production, and information regarding the age of the writer and his personal history. Presentation of different cases with particularities which could orientate the investigation’s hypothesis and lead to the right conclusion.
4
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Large population evolutionary games played within a life history framework

67%
RAMSEY D.
Operations Research and Decisions
|
2009
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vol. 19
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issue 2
51-74
EN
In many evolutionary games, such as parental care games, the length of time spent playing a realisation of the game is dependent on the strategy of an individual. Also, the payoff of a deserting male cannot be defined in isolation from the strategies used in the population as a whole. Such games should be defined as games against the field (large population games) rather than two-player games. Several examples are presented to illustrate the theory of such games against the field.
PL
W dziedzinie gier ewolucyjnych zwykle zakłada się, że każda jednostka gra wiele razy w dany rodzaj gry dwuosobowej, z tym że za każdym razem jej przeciwnik zmienia się. W przypadku gier ewolucyjnych, takich jak „wojna na wyczerpanie” czy „opieka rodzicielska”, czas wykorzystany na realizację gry zależy od strategii wybranej przez jednostkę. W takich przypadkach należy brać pod uwagę nie tylko średnią wypłatę z każdej realizacji gry, ale też średni czas potrzebny na jej realizację. W tej sytuacji model standardowej gry dwuosobowej powinien być zastąpiony grą wieloosobową. Dodatkowo, w grach typu „opieka rodzicielska” wypłata samca, który nie opiekuje się swoimi dziećmi, zależy od możliwości uzyskania dodatkowych partnerek, co z kolei zależy od strategii używanych w całej populacji. W pracy rozważono kilka przykładów gier wieloosobowych, które są wygenerowane przez grę dwuosobową.
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