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EN
This article is devoted to the study of the educational approach based on Matthew Lipman’s Philosophy for Children. I examine its philosophical significance along with the concept of philosophy which underlies it and which is assumed in it. In addition, I describe the model of inquiry which has been developed using this approach, giving it the name of dialogical discussion. Referring to Gareth B. Matthews, I use the two meanings of the term “philosophy of childhood” – philosophical refection on childhood and philosophy created in childhood – in order to analyze the relationship between the philosophy of childhood and the philosophy of adults. I defend the thesis that inquiry, in which children explore the questions and insights made by children, is the practice of philosophy, not proto-philosophy or philosophy’s childhood. The opposite view I describe as didactical-philosophical paternalism, and it is consistent with the main prejudice which has dominated reflections on childhood so far. I situate the role of the teacher within the perspective of the autonomy of the philosophy of childhood from the hitherto existing philosophical tradition, and also within the perspective of interactions between these two discourses. In the conclusion, I sketch out some possibilities for developing the discussed issues.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza jednego z ważniejszych współczesnych zagadnień filozoficznoprawnych, jakim jest problem określenia podstaw praw dziecka. Konsekwencją rozbieżności w interpretacji istoty praw dziecka są pojawiające się próby kwestionowania zasadności tworzenia tej kategorii praw, zwłaszcza w kontekście możliwych konfliktów praw dziecka z innymi rodzajami praw człowieka, a także wobec obaw, że akcentowanie praw dziecka może stanowić zagrożenie dla rodziny. Autor artykułu, odwołując się do podstawowych dokumentów międzynarodowej ochrony praw człowieka oraz praw dziecka, argumentuje na rzecz godnościowej interpretacji tych praw. Wychodząc od konstatacji, że prawa dziecka są prawami człowieka, na gruncie filozofii uzasadnia się, że źródłem praw jest fakt bycia człowiekiem oraz przypisana ludzkiemu sposobowi istnienia godność. Autor przywołuje myśl Janusza Korczaka, który już w okresie międzywojennym przedstawił koncepcję dziecka jako autonomicznej osoby, posiadającej swoje własne, odrębne od dorosłego naturalne prawa. Jednocześnie wskazał na dziecko jako podmiot, zarówno w rodzinie, społeczeństwie, jak i w państwie. Ta myśl legła u podstaw Konwencji o Prawach Dziecka.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze one of the most important issues in the field of philosophy of law, which is the problem of determining the foundations of children's rights. The consequence of divergent interpretations of the essence of children's rights are attempts to undermine the legitimacy of creating this category of human rights, especially in the context of possible conflicts of children's rights with other types of hu man rights, as well as towards of apprehensions that emphasizing children's rights may pose a threat to family. The author of the article, referring to the basic documents of international protection of human and children's rights, argues in favor of interpretation of these rights referring to the concept of human dignity. Starting from the conclusion that children's rights are part of human rights on the basis of philosophy, it is justified that the source of rights is the fact of human being and the dignity attributed to the human existence. The author recalls the thought of Janusz Korczak, who already in the interwar period presented the concept of a child as an autonomous person, having his own natural rights, separate from an the adult one. At the same time, he pointed to the child as a person endowed with a right, both in the family, in society and in the state. This thought was at the heart of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
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