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Muzyka jako spotkanie

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What is music? One of the possible answers for this question is that music establishes a specific form of communication, which finally occurs to mean an encounter. How has this conclusion been created and how to justify it? It all comes from the interdisciplinary encounter of different perspectives of academic research. Setting in a relation, and so referring to each other, sociological and phenomenological methods result in discovering music (musical language and style, piece of music, musical thought and process) that is an effect and means of social communication. When providing this statement with deeper insight, one comes to the conclusion that every social communication has an encounter as its basis. Whereas so called 'philosophy of encounter', or 'of dialogue', which grows from the phenomenological radices makes it clear that it is an encounter of the two persons: a dialogue between 'I' and 'You'. The groundwork of this musical drama, like of a drama of any other kind of communication, is the reciprocity that establishes a specific relation. Alfred Schütz called it: 'relation of mutual tuning'. It is a tuning of thoughts and wills of participants of the encounter. This supplies the relation with an almost alchemical power of metamorphosis, making it possible to transform 'I' and 'You' into 'We'. And so it makes a harmony. Conclusions from new academic disciplines remain therefore close to the old knowledge – for Boethius already saw music as harmony. What is music? There are as many answers as perspectives. How to reach the truth then? There is a need for a meeting (sic!).
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Problems of the philosophy of music may be divided into three domain: ontological, epistemological and axiological one. In the ontological domain, the ontological status of such objects as sounds and wholes composed of them, especially of musical compositions, is a leading problem. In the epistemological domain, the problem of how to obtain the adequate cognition of music plays a similar role. Finely, in the axiological domain, one finds the problem of what is the general value of musical composition which is based on partial values of different kinds as a crucial problem. In the paper, I analyze these problems from the point of view of traditional music and describe how the perspective changes if we take new music into considerations.
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In this paper, I set to analyze the kind of metaphysical essentialism that follows from Jerrold Levinson’s ontology of musical works. This paper is structured into three sections. In the first, I reconstruct those parts of Levinson’s ontology of musical works that entail essentialism. In the second section, I reconstruct Mackie’s (2009) and Forbes’ (1985) arguments for the indispensability of the individual essences of particular objects and show that they apply equally well to musical works. In the third, final section, I combine the conclusions of the two previous ones to prove that Levinson’s ontology of musical works is compatible with Mackie and Forbes’ postulate for the individal essences. I show, however, that even though Levinson correctly ascribes essential properties to musical works, his choice about which of those properties count as essential leads to counterintuitive consequences. I end this paper with a new argument showing that musical works do have essential properties but that they are different from those postulated by Levinson.
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The paper presents the most significant musical themes stimulating the oeuvre of the French writer, Pascal Quignard, whose life and books remain in very close relation to music. Moreover, the paper discusses the connections between the arts in Quignardian works by analyzing the nature of what grows on the borders of music, language and image under such names as 1. the motif of the ineffable 2. the problem of the prenatal audition 3. the problem of musical temporality as a means of breaking the continuum of time and 4. the motif of the terror of sounds. The fourth expression is particularly shocking: Quignard associates music with suffering and accuses it of inflicting pain. It is not, however, the musical matter that is the object of Quignard’s heavy criticism. He refers to the mode of music’s existence in the world. Hence the question of how to conciliate the paradox of “hatred of music” with glorification of musical art simultaneously present in Quignard’s works.
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Zgodnie z definicją tożsamości narracyjnej, zaprezentowanej przez Dana P. McAdamsa,obecność artysty w przestrzeni społecznej można odbierać przez pryzmat Heideggerowskiego„bycia-w-świecie”. Taka forma zanurzenia, bezpośrednio związana z kategorią doświadczenia(fenomenologicznego), pozwala odczytywać konkretną twórczość w sposóblinearny. Szczególnym przykładem lub też sposobem pojęciowej eksplikacji tożsamościnarracyjnej są dzieła będące autorefleksją artysty – myślą poświęconą jego własnej drodzetwórczej. Celem niniejszej pracy będzie więc wskazanie elementów i narzędzi, za pomocąktórych kształtowana jest tożsamość narracyjna. Analiza, bazująca na wiedzy filozoficznej,skupi się na konkretnym przykładzie – płycie pt. Anima będącej podsumowaniemdwudziestoletniej drogi artystycznej Justyny Steczkowskiej.
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The article discusses the fragment of Balzac’s short story Gambara in which the titular character discusses his opera. The focal point of this article is a character from the opera written by Paolo Gambara – Muhammad. The elements used to build the character (character traits, transformations, biography, relationships with his environment, actions, emotions etc.) were analysed in the context of the musical means used to present them and of the entire short story. The background of this analysis consists of a short overview of the philosophical ideas about music and science expressed by Gambara in order to better present the sources of his ideas and the musical solutions that he used.
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Postmodern Music and its Future

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The essay presents an attempt at characterizing contemporary music’s culture by identifying a dialectical tension between “modern” and “postmodern” currents in it. After initial considerations on the manifold usages of the term “postmodernism,” five composers’ approaches will be analyzed: John Cage, Philip Glass (and other minimalists), Bernhard Lang, Mauricio Kagel and Johannes Kreidler. However different they may be from one another, all these composers are being interpreted as undermining, in various ways, the practice and theoretical background of modernist avant-garde music.
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Przedmiotem artykułu jest problem moralnego uwikłania kategorii muzycznej autentyczności.Autorka – w formie przypowieści – stawia tezę o hiperbolizacji statusu intencjikompozytora oraz fetyszyzacji źródeł historycznych, które w pewnym momencie stałysię czynnikiem krępującym kreatywność wykonawców i stwarzającym iluzję „prawdy historycznej”.W artykule zostały przywołane rozważania Richarda Taruskina, który koncepcjęautentyczności na gruncie wykonawstwa muzyki dawnej omawia ze szczególnąskrupulatnością, włączając weń problem ekspresji samych muzyków. Dyskusja na tematautentyczności, szczególnie żywa w latach osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych, a takżewspółczesne wypowiedzi artystów zaliczanych do nurtu wykonawstwa historycznegosłużą przedstawieniu omawianej kategorii jako koncepcji ulegającej ciągłej transformacjiw kierunku wyzwolenia się z okowów kontraktu interpretacyjnego i objawienia własnej– zgodnej z duchem czasu – tożsamości artystycznej. Ostatecznym wnioskiem autorkijest próba wskazania na niekompatybilność sądu moralnego (dotyczącego wierności intencjomkompozytora oraz źródłom), jak również sądu estetycznego (który skłonny jestprzyznać pierwszeństwo wykonaniom bardziej ekspresyjnym, choć może nie całkiem„autentycznym”) oraz postulat, aby ten drugi uczynić wiążącym w ocenie wykonawstwamuzyki dawnej.
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The main thesis of the article is the problem of moral implications of the “authenticity”category. The author – in a form of moral tale – hyperbolically describes the fact thatidea of fulfilling the intention of the composer as the necessary condition of authenticperformance became a source of constraint of performers’ self-creation and expression.The discussion about authenticity, prevailing in the eighties and nineties, as well as contemporarystatements of musicians representing historically informed practice movementbring our attention to the transformation of authenticity concept from strict realisationof (imagined) composer’s intention to more flexible (and modern) interpretation creatingan identity of the musician. Finally comes the thesis about incompatibility of moral andaesthetic judgement – the author finds the second one more appropriate to evaluate musicalperformances (also performances of early music).
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According to the definition of narrative identity introduced by Dan P. McAdams, the presenceof an artist in a public space may be perceived through the prism of Heidegger’s “being-in-the-world”. This form of immersion, which is directly connected with the categoryof (phenomenological) experience, lets us read/interpret a precise work in linear terms.Artworks, which are a kind of a self-reflection of an artist, a process of thought which isdedicated to his or her own creative path, are a particular example or form of explicationof narrative identity. As a matter of fact, the aim of this work is to indicate elements andtools which are necessary to form narrative identity. The analysis, based on philosophical knowledge, focuses on a precise example, the album entitled Anima which is a summaryof 20 years of Justyna Steczkowska’s artistic path.
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Artykuł podejmuje próbę interpretacji poematu Cypriana Norwida „Fortepian Szopena”. Wybór naczelnych kategorii tej interpretacji, „ujecia” i „rzutu”, inspirowany jest teoretycznoliterackim terminem Jana Mukařovský’ego „gest semantyczny”. Stosując kategorie „ujęcia” i „rzutu”, zaczerpnięte z wnętrza poematu, a także z dzieł filozofów, Emmanuela Lévinasa, Alfreda Northa Whiteheada, Maurice Merleau-Ponty’ego, autor artykułu zajmuje się Norwidowskim mitem polskości, mitem artysty, filozofią tworzenia, filozofią muzyki. Artykuł zawiera również refleksję nad rękopisem poematu.
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The article attempts to interpret Cyprian Norwid’s poem “Fortepian Szopena (Chopin’s Piano).” The choice of the interpretation’s principal categories, namely “depiction” and “projection,” is inspired by Jan Mukařovský’s literary critical term “semantic gesture.” Applying the two aforementioned categories derived from the inside of the poem, as well as from such philosophers as Emmanuel Lévinas, Alfred North Whitehead, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, the author of the article takes up the issue of Norwidian myth of Polishness, myth of an artist, philosophy of creation, and philosophy of music. The paper also includes a reflection about the poem’s manuscript.
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In 1870, Wilhelm Richard Wagner (1813-1883) wrote an essay to celebrate the centennial of Beethoven’s birth. In this essay Wagner made the case that music is, unlike any other object we create or are attentive to in experience, in an immediate analogical relationship with the activity of the Schopenhauerian “will” and is always enlivened. By drawing on this idea, we can not only conceive of music as in an immediate analogical relationship with our personal experience, but as perhaps the only object of cognition that is in a constant state of personal vitality. It is by that very continuous vitality that it can return us to our own personhood with deeper insight and perspective. The essay concludes by exploring how attending to the musical object as a spiritual (existential) exercise might reconnect us to our roots in sensus communis, educate us on our common personhood, and play an ethical role in our lives.
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The text attempts to answer the question whether musicians need a philosophy of music. The answer to the question of what music contributes to philosophy - a question superordinate in relation to the investigations of the links between philosophy and music - can be formulated clearly, since we find it in the texts of the most prominent representatives of European philosophical thought, including Schopenhauer, whose ideas are discussed in the paper. These issues are also discussed in literature which explores philosophical issues, by such classics of the genre as Thomas Mann and Herman Hesse, whose profound descriptions bring us closer to an understanding of that which music does directly, by expressing spheres beyond words that cannot be expressed otherwise than through music. Karl Popper regards polyphony as the greatest discovery of European culture, and provides evidence of the closeness of science and philosophy. These three levels of approaching the relationship between philosophy and music lead to demonstrating the axiological essence of music, revealed by performers, who make it possible for music to exist to the full in its sonority, unveiling its metaphysical perfection to its listeners.
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The therapeutic importance of music is a multi-faceted issue. To understand its basics, a philosophical and theological reflection is essential. Already in antiquity, there was a common belief that music had a healing effect. This is evidenced by the legacy of the Pythagorean school and great ancient thinkers, especially Plato and Aristotle. We owe their research to the first classification and systematic use in practice of certain types of music that can affect humans. One of the basic assumptions of the ancient understanding of music was the belief that it can soothe us, console us, distract us from everyday worries, as well as stimulate and lead us into a state of elation, and even madness. In this way, Greek thinkers gave a philosophical foundation to the ancient antiquity belief in the therapeutic power of music and its relationship with medicine. They formulated a cathartic (Greek katharsis) concept of music as a cleansing medicine for the human soul, giving it an ethical and educational function. Mentions about the healing nature of music can also be found in biblical accounts. The most significant figure here is King David – a ruler, warrior, but also an extremely talented poet, composer and musician, who by playing the zither soothed the attacks of Saul's frenzy. The ancient idea of musical katharsis, i.e. purification involving various aspects of human life, became the source of medieval theological and medical concepts, of which St. Hildegard of Bingen.
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Terapeutyczne znaczenie muzyki jest zagadnieniem wieloaspektowym. Aby zrozumieć jego podstawy istotna jest refleksja o charakterze filozoficznym i teologicznym. Już w starożytności istniało powszechne przekonanie o uzdrawiającym oddziaływaniu muzyki. Świadectwem tego jest spuścizna szkoły pitagorejskiej oraz wielkich myślicieli antycznych, zwłaszcza Platona i Arystotelesa. Ich badaniom zawdzięczamy pierwsze sklasyfikowanie oraz systematyczne wykorzystanie w praktyce określonych rodzajów muzyki, mogących oddziaływać na człowieka. Jednym z podstawowych założeń antycznego pojmowania muzyki było przekonanie, że może nas ona uspokajać, pocieszać, odrywać od codziennych trosk, a także pobudzać i wprowadzać w stan uniesienia, a nawet szału. W ten sposób greccy myśliciele nadali filozoficzne podstawy sięgającemu zamierzchłej starożytności przeświadczeniu o terapeutycznej mocy muzyki i jej związku z medycyną. Sformułowali oni katartyczną (gr. katharsis) koncepcję muzyki jako oczyszczającego lekarstwa dla ludzkiej duszy, nadając jej funkcję etyczną i wychowawczą. Wzmianki o uzdrawiającym charakterze muzyki można odnaleźć również w przekazach biblijnych. Najbardziej znacząca jest tu postać króla Dawida – władcy, wojownika, ale także niezwykle uzdolnionego poety, kompozytora i muzyka, który grą na cytrze uspokajał ataki szału Saula. Starożytna idea muzycznego katharsis, czyli oczyszczenia obejmującego różne aspekty ludzkiego życia, stała się źródłem średniowiecznych koncepcji teologicznych i medycznych, których najbardziej znaczącą reprezentantką jest św. Hildegarda z Bingen.
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Studie Evy Myslivcové se zabývá vlivem názorů filozofa a estetika Georga Wilhelma Friedricha Heugela v hudebně-teoretickém díle Moritze Hauptmanna "Die Natur der Harmonik und der Metrik" z roku 1853.
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This article studies topos as a concept and its influence in Western Music. For this end, the history of how the understanding of topos developed, as well as how it manifested itself, shall be presented. This term, one which originates from the Ancient Greek’s study of Rhetoric, quickly gained acceptance in many cultural contexts. It is thanks to this growth that it was promptly incorporated into ars musica. During the Middleages, this concept from the Antique era was revived, notably influencing the illustrative nature of this era’s music. The concept continued throughout the Common era proceeding, especially in reinforcing the role of affects in music. The 20th century witnessed the progression of many unique understandings of topos coindependently. The contemporary thought of this era has presented numerous propositions of one is to understand the term that oscillates between the fields of musicology, literature studies, and philosophy. It can be said, that defining topos in the field of music will be closely tied with the emerging „transcultural” phenomenon; an appropriate paradigm with which to observe the variables shaping European culture, such as globalization and orientalism.
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Treść artykułu ma ukazać różne ujęcia topoi w sztuce muzycznej. W tym celu zostaje przedstawiona historia pojęcia toposu. Ten termin z antycznej retoryki dość szybko stał się pojęciem używanym w szerszym kontekście kulturowym, dzięki czemu połączono go również z ars musica. W okresie średniowiecza dokonała się adaptacja starożytnych koncepcji oraz rozwinięcie ich w stronę ilustracyjności, w epokach nowożytnych nastąpiło zaś wzmocnienie roli afektów. W XX stuleciu wiele ujęć umuzycznionego topoi zaczęło funkcjonować równolegle. Współczesna myśl w omawianym zakresie dostarcza licznych propozycji oscylujących między muzykologią, literaturoznawstwem a filozofią. Można przypuszczać, że pojmowanie toposu w muzyce będzie się w przyszłości wiązało z perspektywą transkulturową, która wydaje się odpowiednim paradygma- tem badawczym wobec zachodzących w kulturze europejskiej procesów, takich jak globalizacja i orientalizacja.
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Wszechświat – Boska muzyka

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The nature of music and the nature of the universe reveals a lot of common features. Similarity of both was perceived in mythical era; the world of music and the world of astronomy was devoted under patronage of the sisters – the divine Muses. The discovery of the mathematical nature of the musical intervals, which was made by Pythagoras ordered him to base the harmony of the universe on the numerical relations and to recognize that music accompanies the revolution of the heavenly spheres. Plato gave the „music of the spheres” geometric form, and in the Middle Ages, when the Christianity assimilated the idea of the world as a rational structure, harmonia mundi was a model for the composers as well as for ascetic struggles. Modern times and characteristic development of natural sciences, very clearly supported the argument that the world is mathematical. Metaphorical approach of the modern String Theory, which describes the evolution of the first moments of the universe, permits to assign to God the role of the Great Musician who „playing on the strings” – creates the universe.
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