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Лесные гуты и городские цеха: особенности организации стеколоделия в западных землях Украины в XV–XVIII вв.

100%

Курдына (Kurdyna) Ю. J. M.

Studia Orientalne

2015

issue 1(7)

128-146

Stały rozwój rzemiosła szklarskiego na ziemiach ukraińskich można obserwować dopiero od końca X w. Wówczas szklarstwo było wyłącznie miejskim rzemiosłem. Po najeździe mongolsko-tatarskim nieco upadło, jednak od połowy XV w. zostało odbudowane w nieco innej formie: hale znajdowały się w oddalonych od miast osiedlach leśnych, w pobliżu źródeł surowca. Takie hale są znane jako huty – ten termin przyjął się w całej Europie oraz oznaczał budowlę, w której znajdował się piec przemysłowy. Jednocześnie szklarstwem zajmowano się w miastach. Rzemieślnicy tworzyli hale albo pracowali samodzielnie w niewielkich miasteczkach. Oczywiście organizacja hali rzemieślniczych miała swoją specyfikę, co nie mogło pozostać bez wpływu na rzemiosło. Całkiem w inny sposób szklarstwo było organizowane w hutach i ta kwestia – obok statusu społeczno-ekonomicznego hutników i mistrzów hali – jest jednym z głównym zagadnień omawianych w niniejszym artykule.

A continuous development of glass-making on Ukrainian lands can be observed only from the end of the 10th century. At that time glass-making was exceptionally an urban craft. After the Mongol-Tatar invasion the arts were slightly declined, but starting from the middle of the 15th century glass-making revived in a somewhat different form: the workshops were located in the forest areas distant from the cities near the sources of raw materials. Such workshops were known as “huty” i.e. glassworks, this term took a Europe-wide meaning and denoted a building with a furnace in it. At the same time craftsmen continued to ply glass-making in the cities. The craftsmen entered workshops or worked independently if they lived in small towns. The workshop manufacturing process had its own characteristic features which certainly affected glass-making. As to the glassworks, glass-making was arranged in a totally different way there and thus the question of glass-making peculiarities in glassworks and workshops and the social and economic conditions of glassworks and workshop craftsmen becomes the matter of current interest.

(Re)Konstrukcja¹ rzymskiego pieca do wytopu szkła

80%

Krzyżanowska M.

Studia Lednickie

2014

vol. 13

161-175

The aim of the paper is to discuss an experiment concerning the (re)construction, structure and use of a Roman glass furnace. In the course of the designing of the experiment, a scheme proposed by Coles was used. e (re)construction was based on three categories of sources: archaeological (a find of a furnace from Hambach Forst), iconographic (olive lamps with depictions of furnaces), as well as earlier experiments of this kind. e feature in question was a two-level cupola furnace. For its construction, specially prepared roofing tiles, sandstone and clay with an admixture of sand and hay were used. Oak and birch wood was used to heat the furnace. Temperature values in the furnace were measured with a pyrometer in four spots. The following conclusions were drawn: it was not possible to achieve the required temperature in the furnace due to a too small opening in the fire-grate and the use of fresh and unseasoned wood. Furthermore, errors were made in the course of the construction of the furnace. These were: an improperly built part of the fire chamber wall and too flat arcs above the openings in the furnace. The validity of these conclusions was checked; the opening in the fire-grate was enlarged; seasoned oak and birch wood was used, and the cracks were fixed and filled up. No accurate temperature measurements were taken in the course of the second "ring. However, in all probability a sufficiently high temperature was achieved, as glass cullet in the furnace melted.

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1 Studia Lednickie

1 Studia Orientalne

1 Krzyżanowska M.

1 Курдына (Kurdyna) Ю. J. M.

1 2015

1 2014

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Лесные гуты и городские цеха: особенности организации стеколоделия в западных землях Украины в XV–XVIII вв.

(Re)Konstrukcja¹ rzymskiego pieca do wytopu szkła