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PL
Artykuł przedstawia rozwój grup dyspozycyjnych w Polsce wczesnopiastowskiej. Od zarania dziejów, niektóre jednostki, z racji zajmowanej pozycji społecznej, narażone były na atak swych oponentów wewnątrz plemiennych oraz członków innych plemion. Powstały grupy „funkcjonariuszy” mogących pełnić rolę ochroniarzy. Wraz z upływem czasu następowała powolna specjalizacja i wykształcanie się warstw dyspozycyjnych.
EN
The tribal communities are deep-rooted in the forests of southern India who are dependent on forest for their livelihood and striving for alternative sources of income to overcome vulnerability (Bijoy, and Ravi, 2003). Once the social evils in the tribal societies are removed, Mahatma Gandhi believed in the gradual empowerment of this honest and sincere group and their assimilation in the national stream through the generation of able leadership (Bina, 2017). The literacy of tribes is improved, and the tribes embrace the adoption of technology, like access to Direct to Home (DTH) and mobile phones. Technology could be made possible because of Central Government mobile network coverage in the hamlet areas. Tribes are mostly self-educated by nature and their capability to overcome natural calamity is very high. In South India, satanic worship (black magic) is deficient in the tribal community and uses of ayurvedic herbs as well as modern medicines are becoming popular. Lifestyle is gradually being modernized among the new generation, but at the same time, the barter system is continuing in the community. This article presents the critical observations and findings to assess the strengths and focuses on empowering the community through adoption of technology.
EN
This study is devoted to the transformation of traditional tribe from the Moroccan Atlas. Over the last century it has transformed from a structure based on the idea of nominal kinship into the unit that has become an inherent part of the local administration (as the commune rurale), and then into the political entity modeled on the principles of civil society (NGOs). This process of transformation is considered in the context of the Shafirian monarchy where the power of ruling dynasty is legitimated by its derivation from the Prophet Mohammed and the idea of „the rule of the righteous”. In this context, the role of the National Initiative for Human Development (l’Initiative Nationale pour le Développement Humain, INDH), established in 2003 by Mohammed VI, is discussed. INDH aims to improve the quality of life in areas of underdevelopment and its establishment can be seen as a contemporary manifestation of „the rule of the righteous”. Mohammed’s VI initiative has also provided the impetus for a real „explosion” of local associations for development. In rural areas they became an emanation of modern post-tribal structures which refer to the discourse of civil society.
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