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EN
The state of researches on the Pre-Roman and Roman Period settlement in the south east of Poland is highly dissatisfying. More then 80 sites are known from this region (Table I), including 50 settlements, 24 cemeteries and 7 stray finds, however, comparably little number of them were excavated in a larger scale and a great deal of uncovered material still remains unpublished. The sites form three clear chronological groups (Table II). The first group consist of 8 sites from the Pre-Roman Period (Fig. 1), which make 4 settlement zones (Fig. 8). A group of the Jastorf Culture origin occupied the zone I, while material from the zone II is ascribed to the Pomeranian Culture. The zones IIIA and IIIC were settled by the Tarnobrzeg group of the Lusatian Culture, which in the zone IIIC could existed even till the end of the Pre-Roman Period; in the zone IIIA clear influences of the Tyniec group are evidenced there by the finds of Celtic pottery. In the zone IIIB on the uncertain cultural background appeared the Przeworsk Culture in its classic form. The second group form settlements and cemeteries of the Przeworsk Culture, which occupied the entire described area in the early Roman Period (Fig. 2). The earliest certain finds came from the phase B1b, the latest from the phase B2/C1–C1a. In the southern zone of the Przeworsk Culture settlement strong influenced of the Dacian cultures are observed, evidenced by many finds of the pottery showing affinities with, probably, the Lipica Culture. From the southeastern areas of the Przeworsk Culture, from Lublin Upland till the upper Dniester, single weapon graves are known, dated mostly to the phase C1a, but also to the phase C1b. The collapse of the Przeworsk Culture in the south east of Poland was due to the migration of the Gothic tribes, who settled the Hrubieszów Hollow already in the phase B2/C1. The Przeworsk Culture left this region in the beginning of the late Roman Period, most probably by the end of the phase C1a; a group of the Przeworsk Culture could survive longer only in the zone IIIA (Fig. 7). Sites with wheel-made pottery and large storage vessels (so-called Krausengefäße) make the third chronological group, which covers the entire late Roman Period. At that time the zone I was occupied by the Wielbark Culture, which in the phase C2 reached zone II. The Culture of Carpathian Barrows penetrated zone IIIB, while in the zone IIIC appeared materials similar to finds from upper Dniester. The mountain zone was occupied by groups connected with Dacian cultures.
EN
The article characterizes statistical population of Lviv in 1919-1939, particularly referring to the Jews. It describes quantity, ethnic, religious and socio-professional structure of Jewish population, their age and the level of education. Lviv was particularly important center of political and educational life in the Second Polish Re-public. According the results of state censuses, one may conclude that three dominant nations in Lviv used to be the following: Poles, Jews and Ukrainians. Germans, Czechs and Russians constituted smaller percentage. Minorities accounted for abo-ut 50% of the total population of Lviv. Almost 50% of the population constituted Roman Catholics – Poles, 31,5-35% – followers of Judaism – Jews, and 9,2-12% – Greek Catholics – Ukrainians. The characteristic feature of social and professional structure of Lviv was the dominance of Poles. In second place, in the social hierarchy were Jews, dealing mainly with trade. Ukrainians occupied the last place in the social and professional structure. Lviv in the interwar period was a multicultural city and the center of Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish political and cultural life in the south-eastern part of Poland.
PL
Artykuł charakteryzuje statystyczną ludność Lwowa w latach 1919-1939, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Żydów. Opisano strukturę ilościową, etniczną, wyznaniową i społeczno-zawodową ludności żydowskiej, jej wiek i poziom wykształcenia. Lwów był szczególnie ważnym ośrodkiem życia politycznego i oświatowego w II Rzeczypospolitej. Na podstawie wyników spisów powszechnych można stwierdzić, że we Lwowie dominowały trzy następujące nacje: Polacy, Żydzi i Ukraińcy. Mniejszy odsetek stanowili Niemcy, Czesi i Rosjanie. Mniejszości narodowe stanowiły ok. 50% ogółu mieszkańców Lwowa. Prawie 50% ludności stanowili Polacy wyznania rzymskokatolickiego, 31,5-35% – wyznawcy judaizmu – Żydzi, a 9,2-12% – Ukraińcy wyznania greckokatolickiego. Cechą charakterystyczną struktury społecznej i zawodowej Lwowa była dominacja Polaków. Na drugim miejscu w hierarchii społecznej znajdowali się Żydzi, zajmujący się głównie handlem. Ostatnie miejsce w strukturze społeczno-zawodowej zajmowali Ukraińcy. Lwów w okresie międzywojennym był miastem wielokulturowym oraz centrum polskiego, ukraińskiego i żydowskiego życia politycznego i kulturalnego w południowo-wschodniej części Polski.
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