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From the history of Polish archaeology studies of the beginning of the Polish state 1948–1966 („Millennium Program”)

100%

Szczerba A.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

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2018

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issue 33

247-254

PL

Krótko po zakończeniu drugiej wojny światowej archeolodzy i historycy podjęli szeroko zakrojone badania nad początkami państwa polskiego, popularnie zwane badaniami milenijnymi. Działania zaplanowane dla różnych dyscyplin miały na celu pozyskanie różnorodnych źródeł, które rzuciłyby światło na genezę i funkcjonowanie państwa pierwszych Piastów. Ze względu na potrzeby naukowe, społeczne i polityczne, badania milenijne korzystały ze wsparcia władz państwowych (finansowego i organizacyjnego).

EN

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2

Tysiąclecie państwa polskiego: dawne koncepcje a nowe perspektywy

100%

Wróblewski W.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LV

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issue 55

95-99

EN

After 1945 research on the origins of Polish statehood became one of the principal concerns of Polish archaeology. Several decades of interdisciplinary research by archaeologists, historians, art historians, ethnographers etc. launched to add splendour to the millennial anniversary of Poland celebrated in 1966 helped to create an expressive vision of the history of the region between the Oder and the Bug Rivers between the 5/6th and the 10th century. Most of the large research syntheses published in 1945–1975 adhered to the concept of an autochthonic origin of Western Slav tribes. Researchers were convinced that that the Lechitic tribes which formed the core of the Early Piast monarchy had local culture traditions reaching back in their roots to the Bronze Age. This view was seriously put to question by the monograph published by K. Godłowski in 1979, which started the allochthonic trend in Polish archaeology study of early Slavonic culture in Poland. According to this theory the territory Poland, as it is today, began to be colonised in AD 5/6th c. by groups of Slavs migrating from Eastern Europe. At present the situation is as follows: origins of early Slav culture (6–7thc.) on territory of Poland are being examined from the allochthonic standpoint while origins of the Polish state (9–10th c.) basically continue to be perceived through the prism of the older, autochthonic theory. Consequently we have a case here of existence of two platforms of scientific reasoning, so diametrically divergent that any attempt to reconcile them at any point seems futile. It seems that in the coming future Polish archaeologists and historians cannot avoid a new discussion regarding the origins, character and scale of social and cultural processes which induced Mieszko I, first historical ruler of Poland, to embrace Christianity when he was baptised in AD 966 (a symbolic date universally accepted as a turning point in the history of the origins of the Polish nation). The growing acceptance of non-native origin of Slavs is challenging researchers to re-examine archaeological sources of long standing. It cannot be excluded that this exercise will show the rise of the Polish nation in a wholly different light.

3

Skarby wielkopolskie z początków państwa polskiego

84%

Kurnatowska Z.

Studia Lednickie

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2014

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vol. 13

19-26

EN

In the 9th–11th c., hoards consisting of silver coins and ornaments chiefly occured in the Baltic zone and they are a kind of distinguishing mark of this zone against the background of other European countries. These hoards present archaeological sources which allow for the examination of various aspects of the culture and civilisation of those days. In the territory of northern Poland, especially in Pomerania, there are known hoards which are dated to as early as the 9th c., or even the 8th/9th centuries. On the other hand, in the territory of later Greater Poland, hoards mainly appear in the first half of the 10th c. They become more widespread in the second half of the 10th and in the 11th c. These hoards can be roughly divided into so-called dirham hoards and somewhat later ones, which contain Western coins. The map of the distribution of early medieval hoards in Greater Poland shows an evident concentration of such finds in the hinterland of the most important centres of the arising state of the Piasts—in the vicinity of strongholds in Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań, as well as in the hinterland of Ostrów Lednicki and Kruszwica. There are various hypotheses in scholarly literature which attempt at explaining this phenomenon. The distribution of hoards was related to the trade routes of those days. The relation of the hoards to a defined group of contemporary society was also pointed out. At that time, a group of magnates in the entourage of the duke was in the process of formation. These magnates lived in the neighbourhood of the especially significant centres of the arising state and they were believed to actively participate in the exchange of goods, especially long-distance ones. Another issue is the reason behind the deposition of hoards in the ground. Comparative studies incline the researcher to assume that artefacts made from precious metals which were deposited in the earliest of Great Poland’s hoards may have come from ceremonial exchange, or, more precisely, from gifts granted by the ruler to his men. However, another possibility must also be taken into consideration. The person who deposited the hoard was not doing this in order to temporarily secure it and to be able to extract and use it at some later time. Rather, in contrast to this, the deposition of the hoard had a completely different meaning: a non-economic and non-prestige one. It could be assumed that the deposition of the hoard was (at least in some cases) related to magical or cult activities. Such practices have been well-known since Antiquity.

4

Chrzest Mieszka w 966 roku. Ewolucja naukowych teorii na podstawie odkryć archeologicznych

84%

Górecki P.

Roczniki Teologiczne

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2017

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vol. 64

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issue 4: Historia Kościoła

53-73

EN

When Mieszko I went into the water of baptism he opened for the posterity the access not only to the family of the kingdom out of this world, but also to the family of nations of the western culture. His decision started the Polish state. The distance in time and scarce source material cause that the research process is still in progress. The author on the basis of written sources shows how scientific theories considering baptism of Mieszko changed and evolved. Confirmation or falsification of these theories is searched on the basis of archaeological discoveries. On the basis of the research to date the author presents how the main theories considering formation of Polish state based on the decision of baptism of the ruler himself were changing. After presentation of the Mieszko's state in 966, main hypotheses concerning genesis, time and place as well as effects of the baptism of the ruler are pointed out. The theories changed due to the influence of reading sources, political events, comparative research performed through the years and, lately, on the basis of archaeological research and results achieved thanks to the use of the newest research technologies. The baptism of Mieszko was most probably on the territory of Gniezno state in 966 (maybe on Easter Eve). The effects of his decision triggered formation of Christian identity of the Polish state, however, the ruler had probably purposes which were less distant in time, including religious purpose.

PL

Kiedy Mieszko I zanurzył się w wodach chrztu, otworzył potomnym dostęp nie tylko do rodziny królestwa nie z tej ziemi, ale i do rodziny narodów zachodniej kultury. Jego decyzja dała początek państwu polskiemu. Czasowa odległość i skąpy materiał źródłowy sprawiają, że proces poznawczy wciąż jeszcze nie jest zakończony. Autor na podstawie źródeł pisanych ukazuje, w jaki sposób zmieniały się i ewoluowały teorie naukowe dotyczące chrztu Mieszka I. Ich potwierdzenia lub zaprzeczenia szuka opierając się na dokonywanych odkryciach archeologicznych. Po przedstawieniu obrazu państwa Mieszka w 966 r. wskazuje na główne hipotezy dotyczące genezy, czasu i miejsca oraz skutków chrztu władcy. Teorie zmieniały się m.in. pod wpływem lektury źródeł, wydarzeń politycznych, prowadzonych przez lata badań porównawczych, a w ostatnim okresie badań archeologicznych oraz uzyskanych wyników poprzez zastosowanie najnowszych technik badawczych. Chrzest Mieszka odbył się najprawdopodobniej na terenie państwa gnieźnieńskiego w 966 r. (może w Wigilię Paschalną). Skutki jego decyzji dały początek ukształtowaniu chrześcijańskiej świadomości państwa polskiego, chociaż władcy przyświecały zapewne cele mniej odległe w czasie, łącznie z celem religijnym.

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1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

1 Roczniki Teologiczne

1 Studia Lednickie

1 Wiadomości Archeologiczne

1 Górecki P.

1 Kurnatowska Z.

1 Szczerba A.

1 Wróblewski W.

1 2018

1 2017

1 2014

1 2001

From the history of Polish archaeology studies of the beginning of the Polish state 1948–1966 („Millennium Program”)

Tysiąclecie państwa polskiego: dawne koncepcje a nowe perspektywy

Skarby wielkopolskie z początków państwa polskiego

Chrzest Mieszka w 966 roku. Ewolucja naukowych teorii na podstawie odkryć archeologicznych