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EN
Alternate history, the type of fiction which describes worlds in which history developed differently than in reality, is often depreciated as a subgenre of science–fiction. Yet Polish alternate history novels are in reality an interesting commentary on polish culture, history and memory. In this paper I present the subject–matter of Polish alternate history novels, their functions and their relevance to Polish culture. In the first part I describe the history of counterfactual thinking and historians’ attitude towards it. In the second part, I emphasize that there are two types of alternate history. I name them “non-fiction” and “fiction”. Next, I provide the definition of alternate history. In the third part of the article I describe functions of alternate history novels. These functions show clearly that they are not created for entertainment only. On the contrary, they comment on important features of Polish culture.
EN
The essay deals with the problem of the presence of women in music. In the history of the culture, art above all, women have traditionally constituted the object of artistic crea-tion, not the creator. Particularly valuable material for research may prove female auto-biographical writing. The selected works of Polish authors are analyzed through the categories of gender discourses. The paper is an attempt to show cultural changes asso-ciated with the feminine approach to musical creation. In the nineteenth century, we can talk about the formation of a kind of salon women's subculture. The turn of the modern-ist and the First World War mean the cultural advancement of women. We can talk about the expansion of women in the culture, and thus in the music. In analyzed memo-ries appear women practicing music only in the private sphere: the home or giving les-sons, even if some of them the ability to play an instrument is a passion. The autobio-graphical prose seem to confirm that women were determined to develop his artistic passion had to choose between art and family.
EN
The article Memories sung in words — singers' autobiographies aims at identifying main topics and patterns present in autobiographical writings of classical singers. Discovering of vocal talent and musicality, desire to become a singer, role of voice teachers and men-tors (conductors, stage directors etc.), highlights of the career, fears and failures, vocal crises, dealing with criticism and negative judgements, daily routines aimed on vocal fitness, balancing private and professional life, cultural and historical background — all these aspects are discussed here on two remarkable examples: ... und ich wäre so gern Primadonna gewesen. Erinnerungen (Berlin 1994, English: In My Own Voice. Memoirs. New York 2009) by Christa Ludwig, one of the greatest mezzo-sopranos of postwar opera, and Zeit eines Lebens. Auf Fährtensuche (Stuttgart 2000) by Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, one of the most famous Lieder performers, often called in Germany ‘the voice of the 20th cen-tury’. Verbalizing the universe of their artistic and life experience they both express the essence of being a classical singer: ‘The singing profession is slavery! It only looks easy and enviable from the outside. You are showered with bravas and blossoms [...], but from the beginning the sword of Damocles always hangs over your head. After a certain age you no longer have the ease, and your voice is no longer as radiant. Indeed, you must stop singing just at the time when you finally know what singing is all about’ (Christa Ludwig, In My Own Voice. Memoirs).
EN
Popular culture, now being a medium of social dialogue, has stopped being perceived as a register of “lower” existential experiences, and its creations became the testament not of a cultural degradation, but of creativity of its authors, who seek fiction clichés which offer a new look at the deeply rooted social phenomena. Thus, if it is done with inertia and awkwardness typical for the subject, its potential of “explaining the world” should not be underestimated.
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Martwy mit. O Orszuli z Trenów Jana Kochanowskiego

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EN
The author presents two Threnodies by Jan Kochanowski, No. VI and No. VII. He argues that the texts, mainly due to their metaphors, are linked and in a way “united”. The dead girl, Orszula, the heroine of both poems, is shown as a bride leaving the parents’ house with her groom: Death. The author, making references to the Mediterranean tradition, wonders why such a peculiar and surprising combination of death and wedding ceremony appeared and tries to understand what the meaning of such a combination is.
PL
The aim of this article is the analysis of the imagined topographies of the East in the works of Andrzej Stasiuk. Territorial imagologies of this writer create a field of interferences between the real and the imagined, conditioned by local perspective. For this reason the image of the East in Stasiuk’s prose includes both the travel experience as well as cultural stereotypes. Consequently, this territorial imagology is the example of the imagined counter-geography, created from an internal point of view, and the writing itself becomes a specific place of memory.
EN
This article presents the image of a spiritual wedding between soul-Bride and Divine Bridegroom which is featured in anonymous meditations from the XVII century. They are bunched in manuscript form and stored in the archives of the Sisters of St. Norbert’s Order in Cracow. Therefore, it is proper to make the thesis that the author of this manuscript belonged to this abbey. The primary origin of these meditations is The Song of Songs which shows the special way mystics merge with God. This article also reveals meditations about ”spiritual marriage” that contain visible influences of the Fathers of Church and Żywoty świętych of Piotr Skarga. All these influences are evident not only about the authoress erudition but most of all about her need of strong effect, by means of suggestive images of figures, for the attitude of practitioners of meditations. With the aid of the idea of mutual love between Divine Bridegroom and human being-Bride, meditations were presented standing before God demanding from man spiritual transformation and pose of the human being who desires to internally change yourself for Him.
EN
The work at hand deals with the art of orations in Jan Bielski’s Ćwiczenia krasomówsko-prawne. The analysis focused on the author›s remarks concerning rhetoric, which are to be found in the foreword, and in selected “juridical cases”. Rhetoric is perceived as helpful field in getting honours. Moreover, it is useful in unmasking the falsehood and reconciling antagonists. On the other hand, rhetoric is also shown as the “craft” which can serve vile, godless cells and which, “uncontrollable”, causes the disaster. Bielski’s Ćwiczenia... made young people aware, that acquaintance of rhetoric has a real influence on the outside world.
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Amuzja Witkacego

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EN
Witkacy suffered from amusia as a child and as an adult person. He was seriously inter-ested in music only for little longer than twenty years (1890–1914?). He wrote his main works as amusic. The relation between amusia and metaphysical feelings may suggest that Witkacy wrote dramas and created painting compositions in order to evoke lost strangeness of being. Amusia could have also been the reason of Witkacy ambiguity – he was defending and degrading high art at the same time.
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EN
The article points out the strands connected with music and the musical life in Poland in Dzienniki by Stefan Kisielewski. Kisielewski has been writing his Dzienniki between 1968 and 1980. There are numerous references to the composers, musicians and musicologists contemporary to Stefan Kisielewski with the author’s opinions on them and their works. Kisielewski presents often very sharp, uncompromising and scathing views about the people mentioned in his diary. The literary genre of diary is personal and not destined to be published though not devoid of the elements of the literary creation. This is why Kisielewski could express here his opinions freely, without the fear of a censorship. The pages of Stefan Kisielewski’s diary testified also to his anxiety about his own com-positions’ artistic value. This is a fascinating evidence of his artistic process of composing and writing. The text underlines the fact that Dzienniki is a very illuminating book, with a great doc-umentary and factual value. It gives a true picture of the difficult artistic life in PRL in the 60s and 70s, under the domination of the communist ideology. Simultaneously this is an invaluable record of Stefan Kisielewski’s complex and colourful personality. The article depicts also the changes in Kisielewski’s views on music and his own artistic activity as time goes by.
EN
The article is a reconstruction of the literary criticisms that appeared in the publication of Wiry, the novel by Henryk Sienkiewicz. It presents both the acclamatory and radically critical reviews. The last part reconstructs the portrait of the author himself, which emerges from the polarized oppositions of a patriot, provocateur and sage-fool.
EN
The article describes the importance of public performance for the image of the Futurists, mainly of Bruno Jasieński. The impressions that the artists gained from Helena Buczyń-ska’s ‘word-arts’ performance, and Scriabin’s idea of ‘Art Religion’ they were exposed to, inspired the young poets. The article finishes with enumeration of several inspira-tions that are being found in Jasieński’s texts by modern musicians adapting his poetry.
EN
The subject of the article is the study of the formation of the literatery hero in the baroque novel written by Waclaw Potocki. The aim of the work is the establishing the following questions: Did the the poet realise general tendences obligatoring in baroque romances? Or did he depart from the arisen rules and thus his characters were named by individual feature? The periphrasis of the following questions like the look of the character, personality, the model of love and the docere function realised by some heros help in solving the problem. Six lyrics Judyta, Tressa and Gazela, Wirginia, Syloret, Argenida and Lidia attributet to Potocki were this way analysed.
EN
Łódź that has never had significant literary tradition, reached a few interesting debuts of young artists during the dramatic years of the war. Tuwim siblings should be named among them, along with Aleksander Kraśniański and Mieczysław Braun. Multi-ethnicity of Lodz resulted in a diverse view on the ongoing conflict, which found its echo in the work of local writers. In their works we find descriptions of both the drama of everyday life as well as questions about the meaning of the war and the future of the reborn state. Since there was problem with publishing books, the local newspaper publishes gave enormous contribution to the development of local literature by publishing the work of young artists on its pages.
XX
Marian Hemar was the author of many satires referring to political reality in the interwar period and after the 2nd World War. From 1953 he lived in Great Britain and worked for Radio Free Europe. The programmes broadcasted by the radio station, in which Hemar presented the current situation in Poland in a satirical and understandable manner, were extremely popular among Polish people both in Poland and abroad. One of his satires – A letter to Mr. Prosecutor in Szczecin, was devoted to the court proceedings of Tadeusz Lipski, a S wedish citizen of Polish origin, which took place in 1966 before the Provincial Court in Szczecin. Tadeusz Lipski illegally brought to Poland: 33 golden 20-dollar coins, a platinum ring and the amount of 7000 Swedish crowns. He was arrested and accused of smuggling as well as acting to the detriment of Poland through dissemination of books and magazines published in Polish in western countries among Polish citizens coming to Sweden. The court proceedings were among many political court proceeding conducted at that time in the People’s Republic of Poland. Nevertheless, their focus was an attack on Polish political immigrants, who were suspected of cooperation with the Federal Republic of Germany with a view to changing the eastern border and retrieving the Eastern Borderlands (Polish lands which were incorporated in the USSR ). Marian Hemar, in his satire, undermines and ridicules the charges presented to the defendant and to Polish organizations such as “Circle of people of Lviv” in Stockholm, which were suspected of aiming at a change of borders. He gives an answer to the charges and reveals the real prerequisites of the court proceedings. His political satires became a perfect historical source for researchers interested in the People’s Republic of Poland period.
EN
The article is dedicated to ways in which authors of the socialist realism novel used the poetics of the non-fiction literature (mainly reportage). Perceiving a work of art as a cultural fact of political character had serious consequences. The literary creation was to be replaced by a reportage storyline. The outer reality was depicted in accordance with top-down guidelines of propaganda. Two strategies were used: linking poetics of documentary with belles lettres and incorporating elements typical of non-fiction literature to fiction. At the same time genological “light-heartedness” of authors of socialist realism makes it now difficult to decide about typological affiliation of those works.
EN
The article presents three little-known poems of the Lithuanian poet and diarist of the first half of the nineteenth century, Gabriela Puzynina. The seemingly trivial subject related to knitting needlework and conventional form of the poems gain a new value, if considered in the context of sociology and anthropology literature. The analysis, beyond the traditional genre study, are subject to the following issues: the poet as a distinct entity and her membership to women’s environment, the process of building the women’s identity, everyday life and its literary reflection, material culture in the comparison with the anthropocentric approach of the past. There is also raised a question about the way of reception such an occasional literature today. According to the author of the article, reading Puzynina’s poems only as “the literary trifles” wrongfully condemned them to oblivion, yet they are interesting and credible testimony of historical time and a medium for exploring the individual human life from the past.
EN
The article presents detailed analyses of the irregular sound organisation of the two wings of Polish interwar avant-garde poetry: futurism and the constructivist group Awangarda Krakowska. The starting point of the research is the ‘musicality’ of symbolist poetry, expanded and overcome by the avant-gardists. Members of both groups paid special attention to the acoustics of poetry creatively employing devices such as paro-nomasia, onomatopoeia, alliteration, anaphora etc. However, the futurist practice proved more complicated, more diverse and less consistent (sometimes even dada-like). The phonostylistics of Awangarda Krakowska, although still highly innovative, was more ‘disciplined’, logical and focused on motivating the metaphors by sounds. The experi-ments of both groups were revived in the Polish post-war poetry (especially in the cur-rents such as poezja lingwistyczna and the present neolingwizm). It is usually impossible to discriminate between the futurist and constructivist inspirations in the post-war works: sound concepts typical of futurism tend to be used in a more logical, consistent and metaphor-centred way. Hence, the author introduces the term “new musicality” refer-ring to the specific and still vivid poetics of sound, first employed by the Polish avant-gardists.
EN
I begin this outline, dedicated to the music in Termopile polskie by Tadeusz Miciński, with a question regarding the author’s hearing, sensitivity and taste in music. I also consider the substantial importance of the playwright’s experience garnered from his sojourn in Leipzig and Dresden (e.g. fascination with Emil Jasques-Delcroze’s rhytmics and Adolphe Appia’s vision of theatre) in the use of music to create a modern mystery play. On the example of Termopile polskie. Misterium na tle życia i śmierci ks. Józefa Poniatowskiego I comment on the divergence between the spectacle’s musical layer and it’s storyline. I therefore seek to discover the proper place and character in the original dramatic con-cept. The article is completed with remarks concerning the use and importance of the musical component in creating a modern mystery play.
EN
The article is devoted to analyzing the vision of Modernity and modern life in Tadeusz Jaroszyński’ s short story The Gramophone. The fear of gramophone is an obsession of the main character of the text; it also serves as a pretext to show the 19th century insanity of visuality and sensuality as well. I tried to show that man living in an early Modernity is lost in abudance of sensual impressions which are connected with the big city existence. As Jaroszyński shows, writing a diary is the only way to rescue the humanity of the main character — but it cannot stop him from suicide. Modernity in The Gramophone is showed as a unstopable hostile process which destroys human being.
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